军工利益集团与日本的安全政策——兼论安倍政权下的军工利益诱导政治

Military Interest Groups and Japanese National Security Policy: Its Pork Barrel Politics Under Abe Regime

安全政策变化是日本军事大国化的重要风向标。分析日本安全政策的制定和变化时,必须承认体系和国家层次路径的重要性。但是,仅仅依靠上述两者并不足以揭开日本安全政策变化逻辑的全貌,还必须把国内政治经济进程纳入分析框架。军工利益集团作为国内政治中的重要行为体,既有集团利益最大化的现实需求,也有促进国家经济增长以及成为政治军事大国的政治意图。作者以日本军工利益集团为分析对象,以"政官财铁三角"之间的利益诱导政治为分析机制,详细探讨该集团在日本国家安全政策制定和转变过程中所扮演的角色。总体来看,在冷战时国际环境和国内政治的约束下,日本的安全政策相对低调,军工利益集团对日本政府的利益诱导相对消极。冷战结束后,在经济持续衰退的同时,日本政府又开启了政治和军事大国化的进程。军工利益集团为了追求经济效益积极谋求突破军工生产的部门限制,并在此基础上积极游说政府增加防卫预算、调整防卫产业政策,这是日本安全政策日趋进攻性的重要解释机制。以当前安倍政权为案例的分析详细考察了其对军工利益集团的强势利益诱导,为前者激进的安全政策找到了自洽的逻辑解释。

Japan's security policy change is an important benchmark for observing its military power. The importance of systematic and national level analysis path has to be admitted when observing the formulation and changes of Japan's security policy. Nevertheless,it is not enough to reveal logic appearance of Japanese security policy change only by relying on the two approaches. Therefore,it has to bring domestic political economic process into the whole framework of Japanese security policy analysis. Military interest groups,as important actors in domestic politics,not only have real demand to maximize their interests,but also have political intention of promoting national economic growth and realizing political military power. The article makes Japanese military interest groups as the object of analysis,makes pork barrel politics among "ironic triangle of politics,bureaucracy and finance"( Sei-kan-zai) as analysis mechanism. It has discussed military interest groups' role in promoting Japanese security policy making and transformation process. Affected by international cold war environment and Japanese internal political restriction,Japanese security policy is low-key during the Cold War,pork barrel of military interest groups to Japanese government is negative. After the Cold War,while economy depressed continuously,Japanese government started political military power-orientated course. Military interest groups seek breakthrough in military production department for seeking economic interests, and canvassed government to increase defense budget and adjust defense industry policy,which explains the mechanism for Japan's aggressive security policy. Finally, the article illustrates the strong pork barrel politics of military interest groups under the Abe regime,and finds a logical explanation for its aggressive security policy.