大学与企业合作研究的法律规制:基于德国与美国的经验

Legal Regulation of Cooperative Research between Universities and Enterprises:Based on the Experiences of Germany and the United States

作为大学法研究的新议题,大学与企业合作研究的法律规制,在以德国和美国为代表的两大法系,各具特色。在德国,知识与技术转移的法律规制问题,被视为公、私法复杂互动的"混合领域",而具有异常的复杂性。学术与经济的互动,须以增进与保障作为基本权利的学术自由(包括研究自由、教学自由)为前提,以任务平衡为旨归。在美国,为形塑和建构大学与企业之间的研究合作伙伴关系,外部规制(包括公共与私人)与内部规制(大学自我规制)展开持续互动。德国法与美国法的经验表明,大学与企业合作研究的法律规制,须恪守学术自由与公共利益平衡的法理基础并回溯到"大学任务框架"的逻辑起点予以考察。藉由"类型化"和"情境化"的处理,能够促使大学与企业的合作研究在保障与限制之间保持张力。

As a new topic in the study of university law, the legal regulation of cooperative research between universities and enterprises takes its own characteristics in the two legal systems represented by Germany and the United States. In Germany, legal regulation of knowledge and technology transfer is so complex and regarded as a ＂mixed area＂ in which public law and private law interact complexly. With the purpose of task balance, academy-economy interaction shall be established on the prerequisite to promote and guarantee academic freedom （including research freedom and teaching freedom） which is viewed as fundamental right. In the United States, external regulation （including both public and private） and inter nal regulation （self-regulation of university） sustains interaction for shaping and building research partner ships between universities and enterprises. The experience of German law and American law shows that the legal regulation of cooperative research between universities and enterprises must be abided by the legal basis of academic freedom and public interest balance, and should trace back to the logical starting point of ＂university task frame＂. It is likely to make cooperative research between universities and enterprises maintain tension between indemnification and restrictions by ＂categorization＂ and ＂contextualization＂.