青南牧区牧户家畜生产及雪灾防治

Herdsmen livestock production and snow disaster countermeasures in the southern pastoral area of Qinghai Province

采用入户访谈方法,对青南牧区典型雪灾地达日县、玛多县和称多县牧户家畜养殖结构、繁殖成活率、出栏量,冷季死亡、掉膘和补饲情况,牧户暖棚建设和收支及对冬春雪灾设计方案效益系统分析。结果表明,研究区户均家畜养殖数为82.5~423.2AU(羊单位,animal unit),家畜年补饲水平为1.2~26.5CNY·AU-1,牧户家畜几乎不出栏,有暖棚设施的牧户占总牧户的1/3,收入主要靠政府补贴,饲草料储备低,占家庭总开支不到5%。牧户应对雪灾能力弱,在大雪灾和中雪灾年份,研究区家畜繁殖成活率分别为41.5%~75.9%和65.0%~86.4%,冷季死亡率分别为13.2%~24.4%和8.2%~12.8%,掉膘率分别为30%~40%和20%~30%。针对牧户家畜管理存在主要问题,本研究提出了一定出栏量+补饲的对策,以减少家畜冬春雪灾死亡损失,提高牧户应对雪灾能力。

The type and number,reproductive survival rate and mortality rate,slaughter number,body weight loss and herbage supplement level of livestock,greenhouse construction,income,and expenditure of typical herdsmen were investigated by the household survey method in Dari County,Maduo County and Chengduo County,in the southern pastoral area of Qinghai Province,and the benefit scheme designed for the winter and spring snow disasters was also analysed.The result showed that the number of livestock of herdsmen was82.5~423.2 animal units（AU）,the supplementary feeding level was 1.2~26.5 CNY·（a·AU）-1,and the livestock slaughter was minimal,while only 1/3 of the herdsmen have a greenhouse constructed.The income of the herdsmen was mainly from government subsidies,and the forage reserve of herdsman was low,accounting for〈5% of the total expenditure.The ability to respond to snowstorms for individual herdsman was weak.In the snow storm and moderate snow disaster years,the reproductive survival rate of livestock was 41.5%~75.9%and 65.0%~86.4%,respectively,while the livestock mortality was 13.2%~24.4%and 8.2%~12.8%,and the body weight loss was 30%~40% and 20%~30%.Basing the main problems on the livestock management of the herdsmen,we suggest enhancing the livestock slaughter rate and increasing the livestock supplement feeding in the cold season,which can reduce the livestock death loss in winter-spring snow disasters,improving the herdsmen’s ability to respond to the snowstorms.