日德美三国光伏发展经验及其借鉴意义

Global Experiences of Photovoltaic Development :Case Studies on Japan,Germany and the U.S.

近年世界光伏市场发展势头迅猛,2016年全球光伏累积装机容量超过300GW,中、日、德、美分别以78.0GW、42.7GW、41.2GW、40.2GW的装机容量位居前四位。研究世界各国光伏发展的特征,对我国的光伏发展有很大的借鉴和学习意义。日本的光照条件与我国东部沿海地区接近,也刚开始施行上网电价政策。日本早年以发展居民用光伏电站为主,目前非居民用电站发展迅猛,并且重视智能电网研究以及为光伏电站配置蓄电池。德国光照条件弱于我国,但在长期的政策支持下已经全面普及光伏,光伏渗透率已达到6.9%,光伏市场发展基本完成。可见,太阳能资源并不应该成为光伏发展的主要制约因素。德国拥有成熟的安装工艺流程及电网管理经验,光伏电站系统费用低廉,电网在接入30%的可再生能源时依然稳定。美国的情况与我国最为接近,光伏发展刚刚起步,分布式光伏占比尚小,各地光照强度与市场差异大。其独特的政策支持,如可再生能源配额、太阳能投资税收减免与净计量电价催生了第三方拥有等创新商业模式。此外,三国对光伏信息的收集与公开也值得学习借鉴。

The global photovohaic market is increasing at an unprecedented speed in recent years.By the end of 2016,the global accumulated capacity has reached 300GW.China,Japan,Germany and the U.S.has a ca- pacity of 78.0GW,42.7GW,41.2GW and 40.2GW respectively.Studying the photovoltaic developments in other countries can be beneficial to the photovohaic development in China.The solar resources in Japan are similar to those in the eastern coastal areas of China,and Japan has just begun to implement the FiT policy as well.Japan used to focus on residential PV,but now non-residential PV is the new driven force of the mar- ket,and smart-grid research and battery deployment are also highlighted.The solar resources in Germany are weaker than those in China.However,under the support of long-lasting FiT,Germany has already completed the development of photovohaic market and the PV penetration rate has reached 6.9%.Therefore,solar re- sources should not become a key constraint to the photovoltaic development.Germany has advanced installation procedures and grid management experiences,which result in low system price and high grid stability even with 30% renewable resources.The U.S.is experiencing the take-off of photovoltaics as China.The proportion of distributed photovoltaic is small ,and the solar resources and developing status vary across the country as well.The U.S.has some unique supporting policies,including Renewable Portfolio Standard,Solar Investment Tax Credit and Net Metering,which lead to the birth of innovated business models like Third Party Ownership. Last but not least,PV-related information collection and publication in Japan,Germany and the U.S.is also timely and transparent.