我国研究型大学学术治理的实践逻辑与优化路径——基于差序格局的理论视角

The Practical Logic and Optimized Path of Academic Governance in Research Universities of China——Based on the Theoretical Perspective of Difference Sequence Structure

当前,我国高等教育改革已经进入了攻坚期和深水区,如何培育植根于学术自由的大学自治权、提升大学学术治理水平已经成为深化改革的重要议题。要实现这一目标,首先需要厘清学术治理中学术权力行使的应然逻辑。在学术领域,教师聘任评估、学术不端的认定、博士生招生这3类事务综合反映了学术评价权、学术规范制定权、学术资源分配权这3种基本的学术权力,属于学术治理的核心领域。借助差序格局的理论视角,深入分析学术权力在这3类事务中的行使逻辑、行使方式与具体程序后发现:在教师职位聘任评估和学术不端的认定中,利益相关度更高且专业审查能力更强的学术共同体处于缺权或少权的状态,利益相关度较低且专业审查能力较弱的政府部门和校级组织却掌握着最终决策权,呈现出权力与利益、能力不匹配的差序格局。在博士生招生中,部分原"985工程"高校实行的"申请-审核"制反映出基层院系和学术群体开始获得更大的学术自主权,这种不合理的差序格局得到了初步改变。未来进一步优化学术治理差序格局的关键在于坚持回归知识理性的实践逻辑,将具有特定学术领域的专业审查能力作为享有参与权乃至决策权的唯一正当理由,下移治理重心,赋予基层学术组织实质性的学术自治权。

Currently China＇s higher education reform has entered into the crucial period,and how to cultivate the university autonomy rooted in academic freedom and enhance the level of academic governance have become an important issue of the deepening reform. To achieve the goal,firstly the practical logic of academic power in academic governance has to be clarified. In academic field,these three types of affairs including teacher＇s position appointment evaluation,academic misconduct identification,and doctoral students＇ enrollment comprehensively reflect the three basic power including the academic standard setting power,academic resource allocation power and academic evaluation power,which belong to the core area of academic governance. The exercise logic,exercise mode and specific procedures of academic power in these three types of academic affairs were analyzed deeply from theoretical perspective of ＂difference sequence structure＂,and the results show that the academic community with higher interest relevance and professional review capability is lack of authority in teacher＇s position appointment evaluation and academic misconduct identification,while the government and school-level organizations with relatively low interest relevance and weak professional competence owe final decision-making power,showing the ＂difference sequence structure＂in which power,interest and capability does not match. In doctoral students enrollment,the grass-roots faculties and academic staff has obtain greater autonomy from the implementation of ＂application-assessment＂system in part of ＂985＂universities,which means this unreasonable ＂difference sequence structure＂has been initially changed. In the future,the key to optimize the ＂difference sequence structure ＂ of academic governance is to adhere to the practical logic of returning to the rationality of knowledge,and take the professional justification ability in the specific academic field as the only legitimate reason to enjoy the participation right and decision-making power,move down governance center,and endow academic organizations at basic level substantive academic autonomy.