团队运动重复冲刺能力研究进展——现状与展望

The Research Progress of Repeated Sprint Ability in Team Sports——The Current Situation and Prospects

梳理历年来有关重复冲刺能力(Repeated Sprint Ability,RSA)的研究文献(n=247),对重复冲刺领域的研究现状和发展方向进行了综述和展望。重复冲刺是指运动员完成连续多次短时间的冲刺(≤10 s)并间歇较短的休息时间(≤60 s)的运动。磷酸原和糖酵解供能是重复冲刺冲刺阶段的主要供能方式,随着冲刺次数增加,磷酸原供能比例上升,糖酵解供能比例下降;有氧氧化是重复冲刺间歇恢复阶段的主要供能方式。高强度间歇训练、重复冲刺训练等训练方式能够显著提升运动员重复冲刺中整体做功、最快速度等能力;耐力训练和低氧训练能够显著提升重复冲刺间的间歇恢复能力。重复冲刺平均速度、最快速度与下肢力量、下肢爆发力之间有显著的相关关系;重复冲刺下降率与有氧能力有显著的相关关系。合理摄入咖啡因、肌酸、碳酸氢钠等物质,能够显著提升运动员重复冲刺整体做功、最大输出功率、肌肉缓冲恢复等能力。建议在团队运动训练过程中重视短时间(5~15 s)、合理间歇(20~30 s)的重复冲刺训练,重视运动员的营养和恢复过程。重复冲刺能力的新型训练方法以及重复冲刺训练对大众健康的影响是重复冲刺研究领域未来的发展方向。

This study summaries the current status and makes prospect of developing direction of repeated sprint ability（RSA） via reviewing the research papers over the years（n=247）. RSA is the activities which characterized by short-duration sprints（≤ 10 s） interspersed with brief recovery periods（≤ 60 s）. Energy generated from PCr and glycolysis is the major part of energy supply during the sprint period. Accompany with the increasing of sprint counts,the contribution of energy generated from PCr performs increasing and the contribution of energy generated from glycolysis performs decreasing. Aerobic oxidation is the main energy supply method during the rest period of repeated sprint activity. The training like high-intensity interval training,repeated sprint training etc. could improve the total work done and the fastest speed of RSA of players significantly. Endurance training and hypoxic training could improve the recovery capability of players during resting period of RSA significantly. The mean speed and the fastest speed of RSA have significant correlation with low-body strength and leg＇s explosiveness. The decreasing rate of RSA has significant correlation with aerobic capability. Ingesting some nutrition reasonably（such as caffeine,creatine and sodium bicarbonate） could improve the performance of total work done,maximal power output and muscle buffer in RSA significantly. The present study suggest that the team sports＇ training should pay attention to the repeated-sprint training,which has short sprint time（5-15 s） with reasonable interval（20-30 s）. In addition,the coaches should also pay attention to the nutrition ingestion and the recovery process of players. The developing direction of RSA researches in future could be the researches of new training methods of RSA and the effects of RSA training on public health.