人的存在与自由——马克思关于人的五个论题

Human Existence and Liberty:Marx's Five Arguments on Human

在马克思的思想发展过程中,存在着从类逻辑(人的类本质)到生产逻辑,再到资本逻辑的主导逻辑转换过程。虽然人的自由而全面的发展成为其思想中一贯的重要指向,但在不同的逻辑阶段,马克思对人的理解也是不同的。马克思关于人的五个命题,即人是人的最高本质、人的本质在其现实性上是一切社会关系的总和、人既是剧中人也是剧作者、资本家是资本的人格化、人的自由而全面的发展,展现了马克思关于人的讨论的丰富内容与逻辑差异,这是我们深入理解马克思哲学思想的一个侧面。特别是在资本逻辑中,马克思对人的理解与过去有着重要的差异,他对人的自由的理解也有着不同的维度。在这一新的逻辑中,一个重要的问题是:如果近代意义上的主体变成了资本增殖的工具或资本的人格化载体,那么,如何重新讨论《资本论》哲学中的主体性以及与之相关的解放问题,就需要进行新的理论探索。

In the development of Marx＇s thought,there is a transformation from the logic of Gattungswesen to the logic of production and capital.Despite all-round free development of human is a vital dimension throughout the intellectual history of Marx,Marx＇s understandings of human are distinct in various periods of his thinking logic.This paper starts from Marx＇s five arguments on human： People are the People＇s Supreme Essence;Man＇s Nature Is the Sum Total of Social Relations,men as the authors and the actors of their own drama,capitalist is the personification of capitalism,all-round free development of human beings.To unfold Marx＇s arguments on human and the inner distinctions is one profile,which is the thorough comprehension of Marx＇s Philosophy.Marx＇s understanding of human is obviously different from the traditional interpretations.His capital logic,which contains various dimensions of Marx＇s understanding of human.One significant theme in this logic is how to argue the subjectivity and its liberation in Capital,if the subject in modern sense turns to be the mediation of capital accumulation and the personification of capitalism.Hence,it is essential for a new study.