多约束多目标的灾害避难所选址优化研究——以海南省文昌市为例

Multi-objective Location-allocation Model for Earthquake Emergency Shelters with Multiple Constraints:A Case Study in Wenchang of Hainan Province

地震灾害避难所优化选址是灾害管理的一个重要内容,也是个难点。以最小化总疏散距离和最小化避难所总面积为目标,同时在满足距离约束和容量约束的条件下,建立地震灾害避难所选址多目标模型,采用改进的粒子群算法对模型进行解算,并以海南省文昌市为例进行实证分析。结果表明:距离约束在多目标模型的空间分配结果中起主导作用,容量约束则会显著影响多目标模型及其算法在高维复杂问题中的空间搜索能力和解的质量。优化结果可为灾害避难所区位的确定及疏散方案的制定提供科学依据,为震后应急疏散提供决策支持。

As an important task in urban planning and emergency management,the location-allocation planning of earthquake emergency shelters is a complicated geographic optimization problem that involves multiple sites,strict constraints,and a discrete feasible domain. A multi-objective model was developed for the allocation of residents to earthquake shelters using Wenchang of Hainan province,China as a case study. The two objectives of the multi-objective model were to minimize the total evacuation distance and to minimize the total area of all shelters with the constraints of shelter capacity and service radius. The modified particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to solve the model. The results showed that the distance constraint played a role of macro regulation and control in a multi-objective model; and the capacity constraint will significantly influence the space search ability and the solution quality of the target model and its algorithm in complex,high-dimensional problems. Schemes for optimizing location and residents＇ allocation to earthquake emergency shelters are proposed,which will provide support for emergency evacuation after disaster of Wenchang.