关联社会保障待遇标准、待遇梯度对就业的影响

The Influence of the Related Social Security Treatment Standard and Treatment Gradient on Employment

文章运用探索性空间数据分析方法对中国31个省份2008~2014年关联社会保障待遇标准及就业的空间自相关性进行分析,同时利用空间误差模型实证分析关联社会保障待遇标准、待遇梯度对劳动者就业行为的影响,研究结果显示:中国关联社会保障待遇标准均存在显著的空间正相关性,经济发展水平差距较小的相邻地区存在竞争提高关联社会保障待遇标准的倾向;中国最低工资标准对就业有一定的促进作用,最低生活保障标准的提高导致部分低技能劳动者选择隐性就业,失业保险金对就业的抑制作用主要是由于失业保险制度本身不完善造成的;扩大关联社会保障待遇水平间的梯度有利于促进就业。因此,建议最低工资和最低生活保障分别按当地在职职工平均工资的30%和10%来确定,失业保险金标准按失业者失业前工资收入的50%~70%确定,低技能劳动者的失业保险金控制在当地在职职工平均工资的21%左右。此外,最低生活保障、失业保险金与最低工资间的比值应大于或等于1∶2∶3,以确保关联社会保障待遇水平间的梯度合理。

This paper adopts exploratory spatial data analysis method to analyze China＇s 31 provinces rela- tive social security treatment standards and employment spatial autocorrelation from 2008 to 2014, and fur- ther uses the spatial error model to make the empirical analysis of the relative social security treatment stan- dards and treatment gradient to the employment behavior influence, and draws the following conclusions： one is there is significant positive spatial correlation in our country relative social security treatment stan- dards, and adjacent regions with little economic development gap present the competition tendency to im- prove related social security standards. Second is China＇ s minimum wage takes certain role in promoting employment; the improvement of the standard of minimum living guarantee does not cause the phenomenon of raising the lazy, but leads the recessive employment choice by some low skilled workers; the inhibitory ef- fect of unemployment insurance to employment is mainly due to the unemployment insurance system itself not perfect. The third is to expand the related social security level gradient is beneficial to employment. Therefore, this article suggests that, the minimum wage and the minimum living guarantee should be deter- mined respectively by 30% and 10% of the average wage of local employees, the unemployed insurance standards should go by 50%-70% of the wage income before workers unemployed, and the unemployed in- surance standards for low skill workers can be controlled around 21%, according to the average wage of lo- cal on-the-job workers. In addition, the ratio of the minimum living security, unemployment insurance and the minimum wage should be greater than or equal to 1 ： 2 ： 3, to ensure the relative social security level with reasonable gradient.