十六国北朝墓葬出土鼓吹俑的类型与分期

Types and Stages of Figurines of Wind and Percussion Instrument Players in the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties

鼓吹俑是十六国北朝时期一类颇具特色的陪葬品,这类陶俑的产生和流行与当时的社会状况密切相关。本文以十六国北朝时期的鼓吹俑作为研究对象,首先,在收集墓葬出土鼓吹俑的基础上,对其进行了类型分析与分期研究,将鼓吹俑分为前后相续的四期,各期之间存在一定的发展演变,同时也注意到不同地区鼓吹俑的地域差异。其次,总结概括了鼓吹俑的功能、等级与规制,结合文献资料和考古资料来看,鼓吹俑有展现墓主居家宴乐和仪仗出行之用,或可分为鼓吹伎乐俑和鼓吹仪仗俑两类,北魏迁洛以后的鼓吹俑有着相应的等级和使用规制。最后,对鼓吹俑的出现和流行原因做了简要探讨,认为这种陶俑是北方少数民族入主中原之后根据自身民族特点,受当时政治和军事状况影响并学习汉文化创造出来的陪葬品,丰富了当时墓葬制度的内涵。

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties, the figurine of wind and percussion instrument player was a type of distinctive funeral object. Its emergence and popularity was closely related to the social conditions of that time. By collecting the information of excavated figurines of wind and percussion instrument players, the current author divides those figurines into four successive stages according to their types and characteristics, considering the development in different stages as well as the distinctions in different regions. According to the documents and archaeological materials, the figurines may be used to depict a domestic feast or travel so the current author makes a summary about the function, grade and regularity of the figurines and divides them into two types： figurines of musicians and dancers and figurines of guards of honor. After the capital was moved to Luoyang in the Northern Wei dynasty, the application of the figurines should accord with the relevant grades and regulation. This article then makes a primary study on the reason of the emergence and popularity of the figurines. After the northern ethnic minority ruled the Central Plains, under the influence of political and military status and the Han culture, they created this kind of figurines based on their own ethnic characteristic. As the new funerary objects, the figurines enrich the contents of the funeral system.