杂交稻高产高效施氮研究进展与展望

The research progress and prospects of high yield and high efficiency nitrogen application for hybrid rice

【目的】在杂交稻育种工作不断取得突破的同时,杂交稻高产高效栽培技术也得到不断创新发展,确保了杂交稻品种高产潜力的发挥。本文总结了杂交稻氮素吸收利用特点和高产高效施氮技术的研究进展,以便在新形势下为杂交稻的生产提供技术支撑。【主要进展】杂交稻每生产100 kg籽粒约需氮1.4~2.0 kg,总体上低于常规稻,但因其生物量大、产量潜力高,单位种植面积的需氮量仍然高于常规稻。杂交稻的氮肥利用率高于常规稻,在精确定量施氮等栽培技术配合下高产品种的氮素当季利用率已达到40%~45%。与早期三系杂交稻品种相比,两系和超级杂交稻品种进一步提高了生物量和氮素吸收能力,稳定了氮素利用率,为高产奠定了营养基础。与常规稻相比,杂交稻叶片叶绿素含量高,颜色深绿,基于叶色与氮代谢的相关性,建立了叶绿素计法、光谱监测法和叶色差法等氮素营养诊断方法。为提高杂交稻产量和氮素利用效率,开发应用了缓控释肥、聚天门冬氨酸尿素等增效肥和添加硝化抑制剂等的新型高效肥料,建立了以"实时实地氮肥管理理论"和"氮肥后移"为核心的不同生育时期氮肥运筹比例和施肥方法,其中精确定量施氮、"三定"栽培施氮、规律性适期施氮等氮肥管理技术更能适应大面积生产需要,也开发了氮肥与其他肥料的配施技术。【展望】在强化以提高氮肥利用率为核心的减施增效管理技术研究和氮肥施用的机械化技术开发的同时,加强氮高效杂交稻品种的"因种施氮"和新型肥料的"因肥施技"研究,是杂交稻高产高效施氮技术的发展方向。

【Objectives】Along with the breakthrough in hybrid rice breeding,the development in the high yield and high efficiency cultivation techniques has given full play to the potential of hybrid rice varieties.In this study,research progress of the nitrogen（N） absorption and utilization characteristics,as well as the high yield and high efficiency N application techniques was summarized,which could promote the popularization and application of hybrid variety in rice production.【Main advances】The N absorption of 100 kg seeds of hybrid rice is from1.4 to 2.0 kg,which is generally lower than that of inbred rice.However,due to the high biomass and yield potential,the N requirement per unit area of hybrid rice is still higher than inbred rice.Unlike inbred rice,hybrid rice possesses higher N use efficiency,such as N recovery efficiency of high yield hybrid rice with precise and quantitative N application has reached to 40%–45%.Compared to the early three-line hybrid rice varieties,both biomass and N absorption capacity are improved while N use efficiency is stabilized by the twoline hybrid rice and super hybrid rice varieties,which has contributed to the high production of rice by establishing a better nutrition foundation.Hybrid rice,compared to inbred rice,has more chlorophyll content,leading to deeper green of the leaf lamina.Based on the close relationship between the leaf color and N metabolism in the leaf lamina,a lot of N diagnostic methods,such as the method of SPAD,spectral monitoring,and leaf color difference were founded.New and high efficiency fertilizers（e.g.slow/controlled release fertilizer,polyaspartic acid urea,and fertilizer with nitrification inhibitor） were used to enhance both yield and N use efficiency of hybrid rice.N management methods based on the real-time and site-specific N managements and postponing N application theories were established,in which precise and quantitative N application,N application of ‘San-ding＇ cultivation,and regular nitrogen application were better adapt to large area production.Moreover,the combined use technique of N fertilizer and other fertilizers was developed.【Prospectives】High N efficiency management techniques focus on reducing N amount and improving N use efficiency,as well as the mechanization of N application are the core of the future research.Meanwhile,method specific to variety and new fertilizer is a development direction for the high yield and high N use efficiency application technique for hybrid rice.