夏玉米水肥异区交替灌溉施肥的产量与环境效应研究进展

Advances in researches of yield and environmental effect of alternate furrow irrigation with separated water and N fertilizer supply on summer maize

水资源缺乏、污染严重、肥料利用率不高是我国农业和农村面临的重要且亟待解决的问题。发展节水施肥技术是解决这些问题的关键环节。交替灌溉施肥技术是在亏缺灌溉或部分根区干燥灌溉技术的基础上发展起来的一种节水施肥技术,可有效减少灌水量,提高灌水利用效率,防止灌溉过程中氮素淋失。在适宜的水氮配合条件下,还可以减少氨挥发和氧化亚氮等气态氮损失,增加作物产量。但是该技术的应用效果与环境条件、灌水定额、施肥量、种植密度等密切相关,在应用过程中应该根据环境条件进行微调。另外水肥异区交替灌溉施肥条件下,水分、养分在农田的时空分布规律,转化特征,以及植物对养分、水分吸收利用和调控机制等还有待于深入研究。

Water shortage,lower fertilizer use efficiency,contaminant of ground and surface water have become serious issues in agricultural production and countryside ecosystem safety,needing to be worked out urgently in China now.Developing water saving and fertilization efficient techniques are attempted as effective solutions to these issues.In this paper,we introduced the origin,developing history of alternate furrow irrigation with separated water and N fertilizer（AFISWN）,as well as the economic and environmental effects.AFISWN is one of water saving techniques,based on the deficit irrigation or part root drying irrigation.It effectively cuts down irrigating quota,increases water use efficiency and prevents nitrate deep leaching etc.It also mitigates the ammonia volatilization and N_2O emission,and enhances yields under optima water and N rate.However,the effects of AFISWN are closely related with the irrigating quota,N rate,plant density and environmental conditions,such as rainfall and frost etc.The technique parameters need to be modified in the practices for specific area.For this purpose,temporal and spatial distribution and transformation of water and nutrients in soil need to be investigated more carefully;the mechanism of water and nutrient uptake and regulating by plants also needs to be comprehensive studied.