曼陀罗体系的兴衰:以1293—1527年的满者伯夷王国为中心的考察

The Rise and Fall of the Mandalic System: A Study on the Madjapahit Kingdom (1293—1527) as the Center

前殖民时代的东南亚地区存在一个不属于朝贡体系的独立的曼陀罗体系。东南亚地区大国的变迁史就是一部曼陀罗体系的兴衰史。以满者伯夷王朝为例,爪哇的曼陀罗圈由四部分组成,分别是中心圈、藩属圈、朝贡圈和外圈。在不同的阶段,各个圈层的变动规律不同。在兴起时期,满者伯夷与外圈的中国为敌,但着力加强对藩属圈的控制;在繁荣时期,藩属圈一度成为中心圈的一部分,满者伯夷致力于扩大在朝贡圈的势力范围,并不惜与外圈的中国发生矛盾;在衰落时期,朝贡圈内的国家纷纷独立,满者伯夷转而保持与中国的友好关系,但无法阻止藩属圈的离心倾向,并最终被藩属圈内的国家所颠覆。对满者伯夷王国而言,曼陀罗体系的兴衰史就是不同圈层互动的历史,也是中心从确立到地位丧失的历史。

The history of the great powers in the Southeast Asian region was a history of the rise and fall of the Mandalic system.In the case of the Madjapahit Kingdom,the Mandalic circle of Java consisted of four parts,namely the core circle,the vassal circle,the tribute circle and the outer circle.At different stages,the changes of the various circles were different.At the beginning,Madjapahit was hostile to China during the outer circle,and strengthen the control with the vassal circle;In the boom period,the vassal circle once became part of the core circle;In the fading period,the states of the tributary system tended to be independent,and Madjapahit maintained friendly relations with China,but could not stop Centrifugal tendencies of the vassal circle,and was eventually subverted by it.