政社良性互动的生成机制:中央政府、地方政府与社会自治的互动演进逻辑

The Mechanism of Government and Society Interaction:The Interactive Evolution Logic among Central Government,Local Government and Social Self-governance

改革开放以来,随着市场经济的发展和单位制的解体,政府一直面临着实现对社会的再组织化,尤其是在新形势下实现与社会的良性互动问题。事实上,不同层级政府与社会的互动遵循不同的逻辑:中央政府的战略规划决定了社会发展的基本格局,形塑了社会发展的基本制度框架;地方政府则在中央政府的战略框架、地方政府自身的自主性以及压力型考核激励的多重因素下,选择与社会领域各主体互动的策略,并在此基础上塑造了社会发展的具体运行环境;而社会自治的发展则在中央、地方各级政府监管和引导下不断寻找可能的策略路径。对政府而言,未来改革的关键在于如何在多层次的政府与社会互动结构中,寻求政府赋权、政府嵌入与社会自治的平衡之道,从而推动政府与社会关系朝着良性互动的方向发展。

As one of the core issues in the modern governance system, the relation between government and society has always been the focus discussed in the domain of theories and policies. Since China＇s Reform and Opening-up, many changes have taken place in both government and society. For government, the decentralization reform carried out after China＇s Reform and Opening-up has brought adjustments and changes to the relation between the central government and local governments, making local governments develop demands for benefits which are different from those of the central government. For society, with the development of market economy and the disintegration of the Chinese Unit System, society needs to be integrated once again so as to solve the organizational conundrum in a new age. Therefore, in order to understand the interactive relationship between government and society in the new age, we need to conduct multidimensional deconstruction analysis on the multi-level governmental structure and on the diversified social structure, sorting out how different main bodies, such as the central government, local governments and social autonomy evolve, wield influence and take shape in a mutual way. By making comparison between the central government＇s policy documents and local governments＇ literature on behavior research, and by analyzing the development journey of communities and social organizations since 1949 when the Republic of China was founded, we can find that the central government takes different attitudes towards social autonomy in different ages, and the central government＇s ideas and policies change gradually, with related policies shifting from neglecting and restraining social development to proactively leading social development and propelling social autonomy and citizen participation. During this process, the central government has always been searching for a balance point of policies in the two strategies for effective local management and effective social management. We can also find that when making a choice between the central government and the social development or interacting with society, local governments tend to follow the strategy of ＂optional cooperation,＂ which means local governments are likely to decide whether to cooperate with various social forces according to specific situations. Optional cooperation means the cooperative relation between government and society is a rational choice under certain circumstances, however it usually isn＇t institutional or sustainable. From the perspective of social autonomy, social autonomy is enhancing, at the same time, the dependence of society on government always remains. Compared with existing studies, this kind of multidimensional analysis has a more clear and stereoscopic understanding of the interactive relation between government and society, and can help us explore an institutionalized path for good interaction between government and society. The core of such institutionalized path lies in seeking a balanced way for empowerment, embedding, and autonomy： through the government＇s strategy in which society will be empowered, it stimulates the growth of social independence, thereby re-balancing the relation between local governments and society; by adopting diverse forces in society, it brings the interaction between government and society onto a more institutionalized road; by exploring the reasonable mechanism embedded by the government in society, it changes autonomy which content embedded by the government.