美国中小学教师流动的特征、影响及应对策略

Features,Influences and Solutions of Teacher Turnover in American Schools

教师流动一直是美国教育发展中面临的重要问题。从总量上看,美国流动教师数量多、教师流失率高;从结构上看,美国教师流动在区域、学校、学科和教师个体层面均呈现出明显特征。美国中小学教师流动对国家、区域、学校、教师和学生也产生了不同程度的负面影响。美国中小学教师流动表现出的特征及影响有着复杂的原因,环境特征、职业特征、生源特征共同促成了美国中小学教师流动问题。面对这些问题,美国尝试了入职培训和指导、财政激励和补偿、教师领导力项目等一系列措施,这些措施取得了一定的成效,也存在一定的问题。

Teacher turnover has always been an important issue in American Schools.From perspective of the total teacher number of the United States,there are a great numberof movers and teacher attrition rate is high. From perspective of the structure of movers,theteacher turnover rate shows different features in different dimensions of districts,schools,subjects and teacher individuals. Teacher turnover has negative influences on the states,districts,schools,teachers and students. The reasons of the features that teacher turnovershows and the influence that teacher turnover makes are complicated,and the environment,occupation and the students characteristics result to the teacher turnover together. For theseproblems,the states and districts have conducted a series of efforts to reduce teacher turn-over,such as induction and mentorship,financial incentives,and teacher leadership etc.,which have made certain improvement.