证据规则中的新实质真实主义——认罪认罚从宽制度中证据规则的理论反思

The New Substantial Truth in the Rules of Evidence

随着我国认罪认罚从宽制度的产生与发展,"犯罪事实无涉"令认罪案件证据规则逐渐具有突破实质真实而转向形式真实的可能。对该证据规则反思可发现:无罪推定原则虽存在"主动例外",实质真实主义仍被继续贯彻;认罪合法性即使成为口供审查重心,裁判者仍需对其事实基础进行全面认定;对认罪案件口供真实性与自愿性的补强实际上提升了实质真实在证据规则中的地位;认罪案件虽应以自由证明为原则、严格证明为例外,却因证明对象的普遍交叉或者待证事实的重复审查而导致证明方式无从区分。因此,尽管是一种介于实质真实主义与形式真实主义之间的证据法命题,认罪案件证据规则的核心理念仍然是实质真实主义,只不过因强调被告人的程序选择权而具有一定形式化的空间,属于一种"新实质真实主义"的证据规则。这种情况下,主张在认罪认罚从宽制度中降低证明标准并实行一审终审的观点是难以成立的。

With the generation and development of the lawsuit procedure of confession in China, ＂unrelated criminal fact＂ moves the confession evidence rule to the possibility to the formal truth from the substantial truth. A theoretical reflection on the rules of evidence can find that the principle of presumption of innocence has in it ＂the existence of active exception＂ but the substantial truth continues to be implemented; even if the confession legitimacy becomes the focus of oral confession review, the judge still needs to comprehensively prove the factual basis; although the guilty case should follow the principle of free verification and the exception of strict verification, the ways to verify cannot be differentiated due to the general cross of verified subjects or the repeated review of the verifying facts. Therefore, although it is an evidence proposition between the substantial and formal realism, the evidence rule of the plead guilty still takes the substantial realism as the core, only with an emphasis on the defendant＇s right of choosing procedure --- a rule of evidence of ＂new substantive truth＂. In this case, the idea of implementing the final judgment by lowering the standard of proof in the proceedings of a guilty plea should be further considered.