试论羡余否定的形成机制和原因——以“差点儿”类羡余否定为例

The Formation Mechanism and Reason of Redundant Negation——"Cha dian er" as an Example

羡余否定的是语义层面的隐性否定意义上浮到句法层面的结果,"差点儿"类羡余否定包括"X"为"差、欠、几乎、险些、差点儿"等的"X+Neg+VP"。这类羡余否定可分为两小类:第一类"X"含有"不够"义,这类词语形成的是单向级差序列,由于两个颠倒顺序的单向级差序列相互影响,导致否定结构只能是羡余否定;另一类"X"含有"接近"义,如果"VP"双向可测,前可以加"才",其否定结构按照字面意义理解,是双重否定。如果"VP"不能双向可测,前一般不可加"才",则只能是羡余否定。这种区分标准在其他语言中也有反映,此外,羡余否定的形成与消极成分并无本质的联系。隐性否定意义上浮到句法层面,如果还受到其他句法等因素干扰,则不能上浮。

Abstract： The redundant negation in modern Chinese is the result of the rise of the hidden negative semantics to the surface syntax. The redundant negation of Chadianer（差点儿） includes the ＂X＋Neg＋VP＂ pattern in which X is Cha （差）, Qian（欠）, Jihu（几乎）, Xianxie（险些）, Chadianer（差点儿） and so on .This pattern can be of two types： X im- plies the meaning of ＇not enough＇ and these words can only be on one-way scale. The negation form can only be re- dundant because the reversion of two one-way scales affect each other. In the second kind, X implies the meaning of ＇near＇, and the negation is double literally when ＇cai＇ is added before if the object can be measured two ways. In con- trast, the negation form is redundant when ＇cai＇ cannot be added before if the object can not be measured two ways. The same phenomenon is found in other languages, too. Besides, the formation of redundant negation is not essential- ly related with the negative element. The hidden negation in semantics cannot be raised to the surface syntax when it is interfered by other syntactic factors.