象征性权力与语言交换的经济:布尔迪厄的实践语言观

Symbolic Power and Economy of Linguistic Exchanges:Bourdieu's View of Language as a Practice

布尔迪厄寻求探索并澄清语言的社会性。以索绪尔结构主义语言学和乔姆斯基"生成语法理论"为代表的现代语言学,以纯粹理性主义化的语言学分析范式,把语言交流所依赖的所有社会性因素排除在语言研究之外,未能正确地解释语言的本质、属性和社会功用。为超越内部化语言研究的理论桎梏并复现语言真实的社会面貌,布尔迪厄将语言置放于社会结构中,运用关系性思维重新揭示语言在交换实践中得以产生并流通的社会条件和运作机制。通过界定语言能力的内涵和话语意义的来源,布尔迪厄指出语言根本的社会性在于它是一种实践活动。语言交换蕴含着一定的象征性权力关系,其运作机制及实际效应与社会权力关系结构紧密相连。语言实践也是一种经济交换关系,其生产与再生产活动具备一定的经济价值并受效益驱动。布尔迪厄基于实践元理论,构建出一种关联象征性权力和经济交换理论的实践语言观。其社会学视域下的语言交流是一种有关象征性权力关系和经济交换关系的实践活动。

Bourdieu aims to explore and clarify the sociality of language. The modern linguistics, represented by the Saussure’s structural linguistic theory and Chomsky’s generative grammar theory, rules all the social elements on which linguistic exchange is relied out the study of language. That rationalistic analysis paradigm of language misinterprets the nature, properties, and social functions of language. To break through all the shackles caused by the internal language study and reveal the actual sociality of language, Bourdieu brings the investigation to language into particular social structures, and analyzes the social conditions and operation mechanism of linguistic exchanges through a relational thinking mode. After the analysis of language competence and utterance meaning, Bourdieu indicates that the fundamental social feature of language is that linguistic exchanges is a social practice. Linguistic exchanges imply symbolic power relations as its operation mechanism and actual functions are related with social power structure. Linguistic exchanges are also about economic exchanges, because language practice is of economic values and its production and reproduction is driven by economic benefit. Based on the metatheory of practice, Bourdieu constructs a practical language theory that is associated with symbolic power and economic exchanges theory. The linguistic exchanges from his sociality perspective are practices about symbolic power relations and economic exchanges relations.