浅析咸丰、永顺两地土家吊脚楼营造技艺及传承形态的同与异

The comparative study for Tujia build skills and inheritance form-as the case of Xianfeng and Yongshun

土家吊脚楼建筑营造技艺作为一种古老的民间木构建筑营造技艺,主要集中分布在横跨鄂、湘、渝、黔四省市的武陵山区。目前湖北咸丰县、湖南永顺县两地除保留下大量的传统吊脚楼建筑实体以外,尚各有一批数量可观的非物质文化遗产代表作传承人。吊脚楼建筑的构造与外观样式受制于传承人——木匠的营造技艺,而营造技艺则又受制于木匠之间的传承形态。田野调查材料反映了咸丰、永顺两地不仅在吊脚楼构造与外观样式上所存在的差异,而通过进一步了解,我们意识到这些差异的成因与两地传承人截然不同的传承方式之间其实存在着密切关系。

As one of the ancient skills, Tujia lofts building skills existed for long time in Wuling mountain area, where around the edges of Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Till now, in Xianfeng county （Hubei prov.） and Yongshun county （Hunan prov.）, not only lots of wooden lofts were kept well by local people, but also have many inheritors--the talent carpenters who understood these knowledge and skills. Structure forms and styles of Tujia lofts are enslaved to carpenters’ building skills; the building skills are enslaved to the inheritance of carpenters. The fieldwork information showed that there are many difference in building structure forms and styles between Xianfeng and Yongshun. And through further understanding, we realize that the causes of these differences are closely related to the different ways of inheritance between the two inheritor groups.