阿拉伯帝国哈里发继承制度研究

A Study on the Caliph Successive System of the Arab Empire

哈里发是先知默罕默德的继承人,是政教合一的伊斯兰社团的最高领袖。正统哈里发时期,哈里发通过"公议"推举产生;进入帝国后,哈里发成为一种世袭职位。由于哈里发的高度集权特点,哈里发权力的继承体系对阿拉伯帝国的稳定与发展有重大影响。在特定的宗教文化和社会背景下,哈里发继承制度总体上呈现出不稳定、不确定、不系统的特征。继承人的多元并存加剧了集团派别内斗,进而削弱了阿拉伯帝国的外张力。研究哈里发继承的规律与制度体系,为读者了解阿拉伯世界提供一个视角。

The caliph is the successor to the prophet Muhammad who is the clerical supreme leader of the Islamic society.During the period of orthodox caliphate,the caliph came into being by electing.After the Arab society transforming into an empire,the caliph became a hereditary position.Because of the highly centralized characteristics,the successive system of the caliphate had a huge influence on the stability and development of the Arab Empire.In the specific religious culture and social background,caliph successive system generally presents instable,uncertain and unsystematic characteristics.The co-existence of several successors strengthened the internal strife between different factions,thus weakening the aggressiveness of the Arab Empire.Through exploring the caliph successive system,the treatise intends to provide a perspective to understand the Arab world.