20世纪30-50年代两种农业合作社的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Two Types of Agricultural Cooperatives in 1930s and 1950s

20世纪30~50年代,国共两党都试图通过建立农业合作社来消除农民贫困问题。运用比较研究法对国共两党所建立的农业合作社进行比较,发现两者的异同主要体现在四个方面:一是在合作社的进退机制上,法律文本中都规定社员享有自愿入社与自由退社的权利,但在实际中并未切实执行;二是在产权安排上,国民政府时期的农业合作社实行私有产权,新中国建立的农业合作社实行公有产权;三是在民主管理方面,两党都强调合作社要实行社员的民主管理,但在实际中社员并不具有对合作社的民主管理权;四是在利益体现方面,国民政府时期的农业合作社体现了地主和富农利益,新中国建立的农业合作社则较好地体现了贫农和中农利益。国民党所建立的合作社蜕变成为富人剥削穷人的工具,最终被穷人所抛弃;共产党建立的合作社,尽管存在不少问题,但对于提高贫下中农的政治经济地位、消除贫富分化起了重要作用。

In 1930 s and 1950 s,both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had tried to eliminate peasants' poverty problem by establishing agricultural cooperatives.By using comparative study methods to compare the agricultural cooperatives established by KMT and CCP,we find that the similarities and differences between the two are mainly embodied in four aspects: First,in the joining and quitting mechanism of the cooperatives,the laws have all allowed cooperatives' members the right of joining and quitting at their will,yet neither have actually put this into practice; Second,in the property right system arrangement,the agricultural cooperatives implemented private property right during the period of National Government,while the cooperatives implement public property rights in early New China.The third is democratic management,both parties have emphasized the need for the democratic management of the cooperatives' members.However,in practice,the members did not have the right of democratic management.Fourth,in the interests of the embodiment,the agricultural cooperatives of National Government reflected the interests of landlords and rich peasants,while the agricultural cooperatives of New China better reflected the interests of the poor and middle peasants.The cooperatives established by the Kuomintang became the tool that the rich exploit the poor,eventually abandoned by the poor.Although the cooperatives established by the Communist Party existed many problems,it played an important role in improving the political and economic status of the poor and lower-middle peasants and eliminating the gap between the rich and the poor.