《中华人民共和国监察法(草案)》立法考量——基于国家学说及宪法权利保障的角度分析

Legislative Consideration on the Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China(Draft)—Based on the State Theory and the Protection of Constitutional Rights

《监察法(草案)》规定从中央到地方设立各级监察委员会,赋予监察委员会对国家公职人员监督、调查及处置的职能,对被调查人采取限制或剥夺人身权利、财产权利及其它权利的强制性处分措施,引发设立监察委员会是否应当修改宪法及被调查对象宪法权利保障问题的争议。本文从宪法学及国家学说的角度,论证设立新的国家机关宪法授权的方式;探讨草案中对监察委员会调查职务违法和职务犯罪是新的立法授权,还是对原有监察制度的职权整合和相关法律修改。如果是新的立法授权,只需要废除或者修改现行法律的相关规定,就能达到法制的统一性,而不存在与现行相关法律的衔接问题。如果是对现行法律的修改,则应当遵守修改法律的立法法要求。

The ＂Supervision Law of the People＇s Republic of China （Draft）＂ stipulates that a supervisory committee should be established at all levels of government （both central and local governments） and confers powers and functions upon the committee for supervising, investigating and punishing the people exercising state power, including using coercive measures to restrict or deprive the investigated persons of their personal and property rights and other rights, which has caused controversy about whether the constitution should be amended first and how to protect the constitutional rights of the investigated persons. From the perspective of constitutional law and the state theory, this paper explores how a new state organ can be established through constitutional empowerment, and discusses about whether the supervisory committee＇s powers to investigate violation of duties and job-related crimes as stipulated by the draft is a new legislative authority or just an integration of and amendment to the provisions concerning powers and functions in the existing supervision laws and regulations. If it is a new legislative authority, the legislators only need to repeal or amend the relevant provisions of the existing laws, and legal consistency can be achieved without caring about any discrepancies between the laws. But if it is an amendment to the existing laws, they should abide by the legislative requirements for the amendment of the law.