汉语可逆句的作格分析视角

Understanding Chinese reversible sentences from the perspective of ergative analysis

可逆句中两个占据主语和宾语语法位置的成分,可以互换位置而逻辑真值不变,表面看是主宾语法位置上的成分易位,实际上仅仅是"小句核心"整体在句中的位置发生了变化。根据作格分析理论,介质和过程形成的"小句核心"构成一个最基本的语义场,可以不依靠外围成分独立实现为小句,因此无论介质在前还在后,与过程的关系都不会被语言使用者误解。可逆句的a式可分为两类:"外围成分—过程—介质"类和"介质—过程—外围成分"类,小句核心的整体移动导致受事介质居前或施事介质居后,形成b式。可逆句的允准和限制要遵守的6个假设原则,可以统一解释先前研究中不好解决的问题。

The reversible sentence is a kind of Chinese clause in which two NPs taking the subject and object positions can inter- change grammatical, positions freely without changing the verb form and the truth value. Based on the theory of ergative analysis, the reversion is not just the change of positions of the two grammatical elements, but, in fact, is the move of the whole clausal nucleus. According to ergative analysis, a clausal nucleus, which consists of the medium and the process, forms a basic and small semantic field and can be realized as an independent clause without any other peripheral elements. Therefore, the flexi- bility of the medium＇ s position in the process will not cause any misunderstanding of its function in the event. We classify the a-form of the reversible sentences into two types ： peripheral elements-process-medium type and that of medium-process-periph- eral elements. The bodily movement of the clausal nucleus brings about the b-form, in which the patient medium is in the sub- ject position of the clause and the agent medium in the object position. The six principles sanctioning or restricting the rever- sion can provide a unified explanation for the problems unsolved so far.