新时代国家治理的良政基准与善治标尺——人民获得感的意蕴和量度

Relative Acquisition in Transitional Society:Measurement, Change and Comparison

习近平总书记提出的"获得感"体现了人民为中心发展理念,是准确把握中国特色社会主义新时代主要矛盾、推进全面深化改革的新颖(概念)工具,更是新时代国家治理的良政基准和善治标尺。在我国权威文本的原初语境中,"获得感"是改革开放、经济社会发展、社会公正价值和人民收益考量等主客观要素的有机结合和凝练表达,本文据此定义"获得感"的内涵。之后镜鉴"相对剥夺感"理论的比较研究路径,按照来源,将"获得感"区分为空间维度的"横向获得感"与时间维度的"纵向获得感",并基于2004/2009/2014年全国公民价值观与1991/1996/2000国际社会公正项目调查数据,给出了"获得感"、"横向获得感"、"纵向获得感"的测量方案。实证研究显示,处于转型期的中国社会,人民的"获得感"、"横向获得感"、"纵向获得感"在10年之内都在稳步上升,并呈现"纵向获得感">"获得感">"横向获得感"的稳定模式。显然,这一模式有助于理解供给不平衡的转型社会为何能够保持长期稳定。同时,人民的"横向获得感"呈现差序格局,集中表现为与亲近群体比较的高"横向获得感"、与陌生群体比较的低"横向获得感"。相比西方国家,中国与日本两国人民"横向获得感"分布的相似性,原因可能在于儒家文化圈的影响。最后,趋势分析在排除世代更替影响因素后,确认各出生世代人群"获得感"都在稳步提高,最终使社会整体"获得感"水平稳定增长。

Relative acquisition proposed by Mr. Xi Jinping is an important concept that reflects the people-centered concept of development, which is also a novel analytical concept of accurately grasping the major contradictions in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the overall deepening of reform. In the original context of the authoritative text, the relative acquisition is the organic combination and concise expression of the subjective and objective elements such as reform and opening up, economic and social development, social fair value and the people＇ s consideration of gain. Based on these consideration, this paper defines the meaning of relative acquisition. Then, borrowing the comparative research path of ＂relative deprivation＂ theory, this paper distinguishes the relative acquisition from the space dimension and time dimension. In accordance with the normative analysis of relative acquisition, this paper gives the measurement plan of the relative acquisition, the temporal relative acquisition and social relative acquisition by using cross- sectional data. Empirical research shows that the relative acquisition, temporal relative acquisition and social relative acquisition in Chinese transition society are steadily rising within 10 years, showing a stability mode, which is temporal relative acquisition 〉, relative acquisition 〉 social relative acquisition. Obviously, this mode helps to understand why a transitional society with inequality can maintain a long-term stability. At the same time, the public＇s social relative acquisition shows a pattern of difference, which is the high relative acquisition compared with the close groups and the low relative acquisition compared with the unfamiliar groups. Compared with western countries, the similarities of social relative acquisition of China and Japan point the possible reason is the Confucian culture circle. Finally, trend analysis excludes the influencing factors of the replacement of generations and confirms that relative acquisition of all generations is steadily increasing, and the overall changes are mainly from the real improvement of relative acquisition for each person.