先秦儒墨思维方法之比较

Comparison of Thinking Methods of the Confucianists and Mohists in the Pre-Qin Dynasty

先秦儒、墨两家的思维方法,是以类推为主。类推方法包含类比式论证,但在儒、墨两家思维方法中有更丰富之内涵。类推方法涉及"故"的原因、理由,"理"的类型与层次问题及"类"的划分方式。其中,"理"也可分析为推论的"所依之理",及事态本身的"所据之理"。本文从孔、孟、荀、墨文本中择取推论性段落,分析各家对故、理、类的使用,构作思想单位。比较孔、孟、荀三者之间的异同,指出儒家是以教化、实践为导向,重视"所据之理";墨家相对于儒家,更关切名辩、推论的"所依之理"。儒家重视内在的体证,墨家重视经验上的可验证性,两家思维方法多所不同。

Thinking methods of the Confucian and the Mohists in the Pre-Qin Dynasty are based on analogy. Analogy methods include analogic demonstration. Nevertheless, the content is more abundant in thinking methods of the Confucian and the Mohists. Ana- logic methods are associated with cause and reason of ＂cause＂, type and level of ＂reason＂ and classification of ＂category＂. ＂Reason＂ can be analyzed as ＂reason in accordance with＂ of deduction and ＂reason depended on＂ of the state. From texts of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, the Mohists, this study selects deductive paragraphs to analyze the application of cause, reason and category in different schools to form idea unit. It com- pares similarity and difference among Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. It suggests that the Confucianists are cultivation and practice oriented and they value ＂reason depended on＂; the Mohists, in comparison to the Confucianists, pay more attention to ＂reason in accordance with＂ of debate and deduction. The Confucianists value internal demonstra- tion. The Mohists pay attention to verification of experience. There are many different ways of thinking between the Confucianists and Mohists.