美国跨族群婚姻的经验分析与理论模型

An empirical study of interethnic marriages in the USA and the relevant theoretical models

跨族群通婚现象的持续增多,正成为美国族群关系发展的新动态之一。美国的跨族群婚姻在西部各州更为普遍,并呈现出族群层级结构特征。跨族群婚姻机会主要受到性别、人力资本、经济地位等个体特质以及族群人口规模与分布状况、群体规范与文化传统、地方性婚姻市场等结构约束的影响。学术界主要提出了"副产品"假设、地位交换模型、搜寻/互动模型、均衡匹配与婚姻市场模型等关于跨族群婚姻的理论解释,但这一领域尚存在关于其影响机制、婚姻质量、社会后果等方面的争议。

In the USA,a new phenomenon of interethnic relations is that more and more individuals prefer interethnic marriages,especially more popular in the west of the USA with the feature of ethnic hierarchy. Interethnic marriages are under the influence of such individual factors as gender,human capital,and economic status as well as ＂structural constraints＂like the size and distribution of the ethnic group,the established norms,cultural traditions,and local marriage markets. The scholars concerned have the following theoretical explanations of this phenomenon： the byproduct hypothesis,the status-exchange model,the search/interaction model,and the model of equilibrium sorting and the marriage-market mode. However,there remain controversies over the relevant mechanism,marriage qualities,social consequences,etc.