卡尼什城的考古发掘与古亚述学研究

Excavations at Kültepe-Kanesh and the Old Assyrian Study

19世纪末古代的卡尼什城在土耳其中部的屈尔台培遗址被发现以来,对该遗址的考古发掘一直持续至今。在百余年的考古发掘过程中,大量的楔形文字泥板文书不断出土。对古亚述泥板文献的来源、数量、类别、内容的梳理和统计分析表明,这些泥板主要是亚述商业殖民时期(约公元前2000年—公元前1700年)亚述商人留在这里的商业档案和法律文书等,而且卡尼什城是当时亚述人在安纳托利亚建立的贸易网络的核心枢纽。有关亚述与安纳托利亚的政治关系、亚述的社会结构、长途贸易的基本框架等古亚述社会宏观议题的研究已经取得了很大进展。近年来,研究方法的进步和新证据的不断出现,不但为古亚述学的发展拓展了新的空间,而且使一些旧的学术观点面临重新评估。

Since the discovery of the ancient city of Kanesh at KUltepe, a mound in modem central Turkey, by the end of nineteenth century, a huge number of cuneiform clay tablets have been found from the site by the continuing excavations. The analysis of the sources, quantity, classifications and contents of these clay tablets shows that they are mostly commercial records and legal documents left by Assyrian traders during the Assyrian Colony Period （c. 2000 -1700 BCE）, and that Kanesh was a core city on the Assyrian trade net- work in central Anatolia. Studies of major issues of the Old Assyrian society, such as, political relation be- tween Assyria and Anatolia, Assyrian social structure, framework of the long - distance trade, have made re- markable achievements. In recent years, the appearance of new evidence and the improvement of research methodologies not only developed new rooms for the Old Assyrian study, but also made it possible to re - e- valuate some previous arguments.