“都”和“只”的意义和用法同异之辨

Distinguishing the meaning and usage of dou( 都) and zhi( 只)

本文在潘海华(2006)、胡建华(2009)等相关文献的基础上,对"都"和"只"的意义和用法做了更为精细的分析;发现"都"和"只"虽然在表面意义上存在较大的差异:"都"表示"汇总概括","只"表示"限定排除";但是,在这种差异的背后却隐藏着某种相似性:它们都能引发排他性解读。本文着重探讨了"都"字句产生排他性语义的动因,以及"都"和"只"在关联对象、谓语动词的语义特征、焦点的话题化和关系从句化等方面所具有的一系列句法语义特性和限制条件;指出在表排他性的语义环境下,"都"和"只"的意义和用法既有共同点也存在差异。

On the basis of Pan(2006) and Hu(2009). this paper makes a further analysis on the words dou(都)and zhi(只). There is a significant difference between the surface meaning of dou and zhi: the former means "to gather and summarize",whereas the latter means "to limit and exclude". However, a similarity exists behind the difference: they both trigger the exclusive meaning. This paper explores the motivation of exclusive meaning of the dou sentence, mainly discussing the peculiarity and constraints of dou and zhi on the associated object, the semantic feature of predicate verb and the topicalization and relativization of focus. It is shown that,under an exclusive semantic environment, dou and zhi have both similarities and differences in terms of meaning and usage.