压力及温度对海洋动物生理影响的研究进展

A research progress of physiological effects of marine animals by hydrostatic pressure and temperature

随着海洋深度的增加,压力逐渐升高而温度逐渐降低。因此,应对压力和温度变化的能力直接影响着海洋动物的垂直分布模式。本文综述了近年来国际上关于压力及温度对海洋动物生理影响的研究进展,概述了3种常用的研究方法,包括直接比较不同深度近缘海洋动物的差异、使用加压装置培养海洋动物、在常压及原位温度下培养深海动物;然后归纳了压力及温度对海洋动物生理的影响,包括有机渗透调节物质浓度及蛋白质序列、胚胎及幼体发育速率和畸变率、行为模式及代谢速率、基因表达水平;最后讨论了海洋动物适应高压环境的生理机制,压力对海洋动物垂直分布的限制能力,以及浅海动物和深海动物的起源关系。

Increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased temperature occurred with the increase of sea depth.Therefore,the tolerances of thermal and pressure changes significantly influenced the vertical distribution of marine animals.This paper re-viewed three main international research methods of investigating hydrostatic pressure and thermal tolerances of marine ani-mals,including direct comparing the differences between congeneric species from different depth,pressuring marine animals by pressurisation system,trapping deep-sea animals and maintaining them at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.Then,this paper summarized a number of physiological effects resulting from hydrostatic pressure and temperature,including organic osmolytes concentration and protein structure,embryonic and larval development,behavior and metabolic rate,gene expression level.At last,this paper discussed the mechanisms of high pressure adaptation,the limitation of vertical distribu-tion of marine animals by hydrostatic pressure,and the origin relationship between shallow and deep-sea animals.