明清吴语问数词“几化_(X)”的变化与语源

The Origin and Change of the Numeral Interrogative “Jihua_(x)” and Related Forms in Wu Dialect of the Ming and Qing Periods

在明清时期的吴语里,有"几化"、"几花"、"几哈"、"几罅"、"几呵"、"几吪"、"几夥"、"几货"等一系可概括为"几化_(X)"的方言词,并且仍保留在现代吴语里。吴语"几化_(X)"最初是问数词,来源于中古汉语出现的"几许",与上古汉语以来的问数词"几何"没有源流关系。吴语"几化_(X)"由询问数量变为表示多量,其中有句法、语用等多种变化诱因。表示多量的"几化_(X)"又形成AABB重叠式,"几几化化"作定语往往有标记,作补语则是无标记的,性质上近似状态形容词。语言的主观性促动了"几化_(X)"重叠式"几几化化"的形成,词汇重叠是语言象似性(iconicity)在汉语构词法上的体现。

In Wu dialect of the Ming and Qing periods, there were a series of related forms （labeled as “jihua （x） ” henceforth） including “jihua （ 几化）”,“ j ih u a （ 几花）”,“ j ih a （ 几哈）”,“ jixia （ 几轉） ” ,“ ji- he （ 几呵）”,“jiha （ 几吪）”,“jihuo （ 几夥）”,“ jihuo （ 几货）”,some of which are still used in Wu dia-lect nowadays. The form “jihua （x） ” in Wu dialect was originally a numeral interrogative word developing from “jixu （ 几许）” first found in Middle Chinese,and was irrelevant to “jihe （ 几何）” in Archaic Chinese. Fur-thermore, “jihua （x） ” acquired a new adjectival function expressing a great quantity as a result of the influ-ences of the syntactic level and the pragmatic level,which may be reduplicated to an AABB form such as “jiji- huahua”. The subjectivization is the primary motivation of the reduplication of “jihua” to “jijihuahua” ,re-flecting the iconicity between meaning and form in Chinese morphology.