全球价值链视角下中美参与国际分工分析

An Analysis on China and the United States Participating in International Division of Labor from the Perspective of Global Value Chain

文章利用WTO-OECD联合发布的2016版连续15年(2000-2014)的WIOT数据,运用WWZ等的16部分增加值贸易分解法将中美两国的制造业出口贸易额进行全球价值链分解,通过垂直专业化率(前向与后向)指标、GVC指数(参与和地位)指标,从整体与行业两个层面来剖析中美两国制造业融入全球价值链的程度与方式、所处地位和贸易收益等情况。分析结果显示:2000-2014年中美两国制造业的出口总值均明显高于出口所含的国内增加值,并且二者之间的差额在增加。中国制造业出口获利能力不及美国。中美两国制造业参与全球价值链的方式不同,中国是后向,美国是前向。2000-2014年,中国制造业整体在GVC中地位较低处于下游位置,但却表现出向中上游攀升的趋势。2014年中国在低技术和中低技术制造业的GVC地位较高,而在中高技术和高技术制造业的GVC地位较低,美国的情况则与此相反。

The paper uses the WIOT data of 2016 edition for 15 consecutive years(2000-2014) which were jointly issued byWTO and OECD. By using part 16 of the value added trade decomposition method of WWZ,the paper makes China and theUnited States' manufacturing export trade to have a global value chain decomposition. And through VS1 and VS(the rate ofvertical specialization index) and GVC participation and status index,the paper analyzes the degree and the way,the positionand the trade income of the two levels of the manufacturing industry and the whole industry into the global value chain. Theanalysis results show that: From 2000 to 2014,China and the United States manufacturing exports are significantly higherthan the domestic added value of exports,and the difference between the two increases. China's manufacturing export earn-ings ability is weaker than that of the United states. China and the United States' manufacturing industry participating in theglobal value chain are in different ways,China is backward,whereas the United States is forward. From 2000 to 2014,Chi-na's manufacturing industry as a whole in the GVC position is lower in the downstream position,but it shows the trend of ris-ing to the middle and upper reaches. In 2014,China's GVC status in low technology and middle-low technology manufactur-ing industry is higher,while the status of GVC is lower in middle-high technology and high technology manufacturing indus-try,the United States is in the opposite situation.