浅议卫生行政处罚中违法事实的认定

Discussion on the identification of illegal facts in health administrative punishment

本文分析了违法事实适格的基本要件,界定了违法事实认定中的基本概念,旨在探索如何正确认定违法事实,实现处罚合法、合理、公平、公正。方法:围绕行政法基本原理,以具体案例为载体,分析违法事实认定中存在的典型问题并提出改进建议。结论:对于浅尝辄止、一概而论,以偏概全、选择性处罚,穿凿附会、滥用处罚权,主观推定、证据未闭环,显失公正、同责不同罚,过罚不当、有悖比例原则等违法事实认定中亟需破解的典型问题,笔者建议通过践行行政合法性原则、贯彻行政合理性原则、提高证据采集技巧、实现执法全过程记录等措施,厘清处罚权力清单,构建违法情形的立体维度,规范自由裁量权运用,实现合法行政和合理行政,深入推进依法行政,推动法治政府建设。

This paper analyzed the essential elements of illegal facts, defines the basic conceptions of illegal facts identification, in order to explore how to exactly identify illegal facts, achieve impartial law enforcement and reasonable discretion. Based on the the fundamental principles of administrative law, taking specific punishment cases as the carrier, this paper analyzed the typical problems in the identification of illegal facts and made recommendations for improvement. Such typical problems that should be solved, such as superficial analysis, overgeneralization, selective punishment, the abuse of punishment, subjective presumptions, incomplete evidence chain and injustice, the author put forward some suggestions to clarify administrative penalty, structure tridimensional dimensionality of illegal facts, standardize the discretion in law applying, achieve legal and reasonable administration, advance admin- istration according to law, and to promote law-ruling government construction, by practising administrative legality, implementing administrative rationality, improving evidence collection skills, realizing the whole process of law enforcement records and so on.