美国联邦政府博士生资助的主要方式及其特点分析

Analysis of U.S. Federal Government's Doctoral Students Aiding Ways and Features

不同的资助方式对博士生的学业完成率、完成时间及学术发展情况具有不同的影响。美国是较早开展博士生资助的国家,联邦政府对博士生主要采用无偿型、有偿型和借贷型三种资助方式。考察联邦政府资助博士生的主要方式,发现其具有如下特点:根据博士生的学科、年级、类型不同,采取差异化资助方式;利用博士生资助方式引导美国顶尖人才的培养方向;针对特殊博士生群体运用相应的资助方式;多种资助方式互为补充,发挥资助的最佳效应;资助力度较大、覆盖面较广,能够满足博士生的基本生活需要。这些资助方式对我国政府完善博士生资助体系,进行精准资助具有重要的借鉴意义。

Different aiding ways have different effects on the academic completion rate, completion time and academic development of doctoral students. The United States is an earlier country to assist doctoral students. U.S. federal government mainly use three kinds of funding for doctoral students, including unpaid, paid and loan. This paper concludes such features as follows： according to disciplines, grades and types, doctoral students get different aiding. Aiding ways are used to guide the training of the top talents in the United States. Specific groups of doctoral students have different funding methods. A variety of aiding ways take the-best effect of funding. Assistance and the number are increased to meet the basic needs of doctoral students. That is of great significance to Chinese government to improve the doctoral subsidy system and carry out the precise subsidy.