从身份壁垒到市场性门槛:农民工政策40年

From Status Barrier to Market Threshold:the Evolution of Policies Concerning “Peasant Workers” in 40 Years

从政府对于户籍身份意义上的"农民"进城务工的态度这一角度,我国政府40年来的"农民工"政策大体上经历了从严控到松动,经过短暂的紧缩,再到规范流动,最后经由城乡统筹而走向共享发展的"公平流动"这样几个阶段。进一步分析体现在不同阶段农民工政策中的政府对于"农民工"这个群体的认识,则又经历了从"问题农民工"到"农民工问题",再到推动"农民工""市民化"从而成为与城市原住人口平等的"居民"的过程。"市民化"作为政策语言正式频频出现在政府文件中,以及"户籍管理制度改革"拓展深化为"户籍制度改革",意味着"农民工终结"已开始提上议事日程。"农民工终结"并不意味着对人口涌入城市失去调节和控制,而只意味着控制和调节的方式由依赖于"身份壁垒"而转变为借助于"市场性门槛"。为了"市场性门槛"的正常作用,政府需要在提供基本社会保障、健全市场性秩序、均等城乡公共服务、土地制度改革等方面承担起责任。

From the perspective of the attitude of the government toward the migrant workers of the"peasants" in the sense of "Hukou" system, the policies concerning "peasant workers" in the past 40 years has generally gone through such three stages: from strict control to loosening, after a brief contraction, to regulating the flow, and finally to "fair flow" through urban-rural co-ordination. Making a further analysis on the cognition of the government to the "peasant workers" reflected in its "peasant workers" policies, we can see such an evolution process: from "the peasant workers themselves being problematic" to "the problem of peasant workers", and then to "promoting citizenization of peasant workers" to make them the same residents with the city's native population. "Citizenization" as a policy language appearing frequently in government documents, and the "Hukou management system reform" being deepened and expanded into" Hukou system reform", mean the coming of "the end of peasant workers". "The end of peasant workers" does not mean a loss of regulation and control over the influx of people into the cities, but merely means that the way of control and regulation shifts from relying on "status barriers" to resorting to "market thresholds." In order to make the "market threshold" function properly, the government should take its responsibilities in providing basic social security, improving the market order, equalizing public services between urban and rural areas,and reforming the land system.