论以理顺城乡关系为主轴的中国经济体制改革演变历程

On the Development of Chinese Economic Reform Surrounding the Normalization of Rural-Urban Relationship

中国经济体制改革已经运行40年,就全局而言,相继经历了三个互相联系、互相补充的演变阶段。在传统计划经济体制下,农村是受压抑最严重、经济社会发展程度最低的地区,广大农民群众隐藏着很高的改革积极性,选择农村作为经济体制改革的突破口,有利于迅速打开改革局面。但是,在计划经济体制框架内,农村改革只能被限制在一定范围内。继农村第一阶段改革之后的城市经济体制改革,即第二阶段改革,开辟农村要素向城市流动的通道,工业化、城镇化速度骤然加快。但是,由于存在着城乡二元结构体制,导致农村要素市场化程度低,城乡要素之间存在着明显的价格剪刀差,以及与其相联系的农村要素单向地向城市流动,城乡差别因此呈不断扩大的趋势。统筹城乡发展、破除城乡二元结构、全面推进和深化改革(即第三阶段改革)便因此被提到重要议事日程上来。第三阶段改革,应当把全面深化改革的重点,放在提高农村要素的市场化程度,建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制,户籍制度改革和土地制度改革是这个阶段改革的"重中之重"。

It has been 40 years since Chinese economic reform in late 1970 s. Overall, the reform went through three phases that are related and complementary to each other. Under the central planning system,rural area was the most depressed and economically underdeveloped, which had the strongest incentive to carry out the reform thus facilitating the rapid development of the first phase of Chinese reform. Yet, within the framework of central planning, rural reform has its limits. The second phase of the Chinese reform is in the urban sector. The reform channeled productive resources in the rural sector to the urban sector, thus expediting industrialization and urbanization. However, there were still issues such as rural-urban dual economies and "price scissors" which impeded the development of rural factor markets. Resource allocation was limited to one-way flow from rural to urban areas thus widening the rual-urban inequality. The third phase of the Chinese reform calls for consideration of both rural and urban reform, dismantling the rual-urban dual economy structure and deepening the reform. It should emphasis comprehensive and deepening reform by improving the functioning of rural factor markets and establishing rual-urban co-development mechanism.Household registration system and land reform should be the main focuses.