从叙事视角看《左传》与《史记》对“重耳之亡”记述的差异

The Differences of Narration of Chong Er's Story between Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records from Narration Perspective

"晋公子重耳之亡"在《左传》和《史记》均有详细记载,对同一历史人物及历史经过的叙述,两部史书存在着不少差异。最直观的差异是在文本层面,以往多从记叙内容、语言方式、谋篇布局乃至人物形象、性格特征等方面进行文本的比较研究,这些都建立在已有作品效果的基础之上,是一种静态化的研究。现代叙事学重视对叙事过程的研究,叙事视角反映了叙事者和叙事材料之间的关系,对同一叙事对象甚至是同一叙事材料,叙事者采取的角度、方式不同,导致了叙事作品的风格差异。具体来讲,《左传》采用的是典型的纯客观叙事,史家严格遵从实录的原则,"言事兼行"的方式造成了叙事上片段化、戏剧化的效果,在不动声色的叙述中隐含着道德教化的大义。《史记》采用的是全知叙事,重在对整个史实始末经过的完整展现,讲究叙事上的连贯性、逻辑性,反映了史家自我主体意识的提升以及对历史更强的解释能力。当然,对两者之间的分析比较,也不能忽略史书体例的因素,前者为我国第一部编年史,后者为纪传体通史的开创者,编年体以记事为主,在处理以人为中心的题材上难以摆脱记事的窠臼,"随事见人""以事昭义"的方式使"重耳之亡"只可能成为"大事记"。而纪传体采取的"以人系事""事附于人"的方式,以人物为中心,将各个时期牵涉的人和事聚拢于一起,通过对传主人生历程的完整展现,尽显人物性格、命运与外部环境之间的关系。

he story of Chong Er, Jin ＇ s nobleman, is recorded in detail both in Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records, and there are many differences of two books about the same historical figure and historical course. The most intuitive difference is at the textual level, and researchers conducted comparative study of texts from the narrative content, language style, layout, character and charac-ter trait, which are based on the effect of existing works and are static study. Narratological theory pays attention to the study of nar-ration process, in which narrative perspective reflects the relationship between narrator and narrative materials. Narrator takes the different angles and ways on the same narrative object, and even the same narrative material, which lead to the stylistic difference of narrative works. Specifically, Zuo Zhuan uses impersonal narration, strictly follows the principle of record, and adopts the way of Mevents mixed with words^ , resulting fragmented and dramatic effect, implicating moral principles. Historical Records uses the om-niscient narration, focuses on the complete show of whole historical facts, and pays attention to continuity and logicality of narration, reflecting the enhancement of historian1 s self-consciousness and the stronger ability of explaining the history. Of course, when ana-lyzing and comparing two texts, we cannot ignore the factors of history style. The former is the first historical annals in China, and the latter is the founder of biographical history. Historical annals centere on recording events and doesn,t get rid of the stereot, recording events when dealing with character-centered subject, so, Chong ErJ story could only be memorabilia. Yet, centered on character, biographical history groups the people and things involved in each period together, completely emerges life course of char-acter, shows the relationship between the character, fate and external environment.