“关系水权”与社区水资源治理——内蒙古查村的个案研究

“Relationship Water Rights” and Community Water Resources Management: A Case Study of Cha Village

基于产权的社会视角,本文分析了水权的社区实践及其运作机制,提出了"关系水权"概念。"关系水权"嵌入地方社会的制度背景和村民的灌溉管理实践中,是以村庄社区为中心演绎出的一种非正式的水权运作方式。"关系水权"中的"关系"包括村民个体间的合作、交换关系以及村干部对村民的庇护关系。作为一种非正式的产权制度安排,"关系水权"与正式水权制度是一种共生关系,是村庄共同体对制度环境的适应机制。同时,"关系水权"也是一种自主治理机制,是村民借助村干部的庇护,凭借自身所具备的社会资本重新界定水权,实现水资源社区自主治理的实践。"关系水权"的运作是一把"双刃剑",存在均衡性与非均衡性两种结果:一方面,可以帮助村民获得制度外的额外水资源,满足其自身的用水需求;另一方面,也存在由不均衡利用带来的水权纠纷及灌溉用水危机。农村水权制度改革应凸显村庄社区和村民的主体能动性,依托农民用水户协会,将"关系水权"中的积极因素制度化,最终在"社区水权"层面实现农村灌溉水资源的有效治理。

Based on the social perspective of property rights, this article analyzes the community practice of water rights and their operation mechanisms, and puts forward the concept of ＂relationship water rights＂. ＂Relationship water rights＂ are embedded in the institutional environment of local society and the irrigation management practices of villagers. The ＂relationship＂ in ＂relationship water rights＂ includes cooperation and exchanges among villagers and a patronage relation between village cadres and villagers. As an informal arrangement of property rights, ＂relationship water rights＂ forms a symbiotic relationship with the formal water rights system, being an adaptation of village community to institutional environment. At the same time, ＂relationship water rights＂ represents a self-governance mechanism. That refers to a kind of practical logic in which villagers make use of the patronage relation with village cadres to redefine water fights by their own social capital, and realize self-govemance of community irrigation water resources. It is worth noting that the operation of＇＇relationship water fights＂ is a ＂double-edged sword＂ with both balanced and unbalanced results. On the one hand, its operation can help villagers to get extra water resources outside the formal system to meet their own water needs. On the other hand, it can also cause water rights disputes and irrigation water crisis because of uneven utilization. The reform of water rights should highlight main initiatives of the community and villagers, support water user associations, institutionalize the positive factors in ＇＇relationship water rights＂, and finally establish an effective governance of rural water resources at the level o f ＂community water rights＂.