乡村建设中的社会资本问题:概念辨析及其实际运作

Social Capital in Rural Construction:Analysis of Its Concept and Practical Operation

由于社会资本探讨社会纽带的连接方式,与中国乡土社会中的"关系"有几分相似,从而导致学者在研究中国乡村问题时很容易将两者合并,由此得出当前乡村建设困境是因传统关系网络结构变化而导致的社会资本衰落。但就其起源来看,社会资本对应着公民社会的框架,而"关系"则在中国家庭本位中展开。前者注重个体的理性和自愿联结的公民性特征,后者则带有相对固化的关系特征。中国乡土社会中的"关系"蕴含着社会资本的可能性,但并不必然产生社会资本。"关系"是否有可能转化为社会资本,取决于参与者的意愿、目的以及参与者能否从网络中摄取到社会资源。只有厘清乡村建设中社会资本的含义,才能为培育乡村社会资本提供建设性方向,并对乡村建设产生积极效果。

Due to the fact that the modes of interconnections in social ties in light of social capital issomewhat similar to the Guanxi in Chinese rural society, scholars tend to combine the two concepts whenstudying the issues on China's countryside. Consequently, the conclusion was drawn that the predicament inrural construction is attributed to the weakening of social capital caused by the changes in the Chinese tradi-tional network structure. However, as to their origins, social capital corresponds to the framework of civil so-ciety while Guanxi has been extended in the context of Chinese family-based society. The former focuses onindividual reason and voluntary bonding while the latter is relatively solidified. The Guanxi in Chinese ruralsociety entails the possibility of social capital, but does not necessarily generate social capital. Whether ornot the Guanxi can generate social capital is dependent on the willingness and purpose of the participantsand whether or not the participants can secure social resources from the network. Only after we have clarifiedthe definition of social capital in rural construction can we provide constructive directions to the cultivationof social capital and have a positive effect on rural construction.