草原生态环境发展与创新——由“补助奖励”到“精确放牧”

Development and Innovation of Grassland Ecological Environment:from ‘Subsidy Award' to ‘Precise Grazing'

为增进草原生态保护政策的有效性,本研究考察了国内草原"补助奖励"政策的实施效果与存在问题。具体以268个牧区半牧区县牧业人口、牲畜超载率和农牧民纯收入变化情况为研究对象,运用比较分析对比"补助奖励"政策前后全国草畜平衡状况,并结合BGLI模型计算"补助奖励"政策的实施对草原超载问题的改善情况。结果表明"补助奖励"政策对全国的超载现状有很好的改善作用,增加了牧区半牧区县的人口和牧民纯收入,尤其对半牧区县的正面影响更加突出,牧区半牧区县整体对该政策的满意度很高。但无差别化的补助标准在一定程度上造成了"补助奖励"政策实施效率的低下,预期效果并不理想。因而本研究认为,应通过建立数据库的办法实施"精确放牧"政策,并提出先减后补,根据超载程度做好多补,中小牧户为补贴主体等建议。

To enhance the availability of grassland ecology protection policy, we investigated the effects andproblems of＂subsidy and award＂since its implementation in China. Taking the population of 268 husbandrycounties and semi-husbandry counties, the overloading rate of livestock and the net income of farmers andherdsmen as the study objects, we used the BGLI model to calculate the change of grassland overloading sincethe implementation of＂subsidy and award＂. The results showed that the＂subsidy and award＂policy had agood effect on changing the whole country＇s overload situation. It increased the net income and population inhusbandry counties and semi-husbandry counties and positive effects were more outstanding in semi-husbandry counties. On the whole, herdsmen were satisfied with this policy. However, the fixed subsidystandard partly caused poor efficiency and unsatisfied effect. So, we suggest that the government shouldestablish a database to implement＂precise grazing.＂We also put forward that the herdsmen should firstlyreduce livestock and then the government gives them awards, the awards are different according to the degreeof overloading and the practice among herdsmen, and middle and small herdsmen are the subject of subsidy.