基于生物分子识别的水环境Hg^(2+)快速检测新技术研究进展

Review of novel technologies for rapid detection of Hg^(2+) in water environment via biological molecular recognition

生物分子作为化学污染物靶标特异识别和检测的重要元件和材料,在检测领域得到了广泛应用和长足发展.本文总结了一系列基于生物分子识别或放大机制的水环境中Hg^(2+)快速检测新技术研究进展,新型Hg^(2+)检测方法以蛋白质、寡核苷酸、脱氧核酶等生物分子为基础,通过紫外、荧光、电化学、电化学发光或拉曼光谱等检测手段实现了环境水样中Hg^(2+)高灵敏甚至超灵敏检测,远远满足国家卫生标准或美国环境保护署的要求;同时还分析了相关检测原理和应用前景,生物分子经过修饰和改造后检测体系性能得以加强;生物分子与纳米材料,如贵金属纳米材料、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管等相结合,并联合新型检测平台,大大推动了水环境中Hg^(2+)现场快速灵敏检测技术的发展,促进了多种Hg^(2+)检测传感新技术的建立.建议今后加强检测元件之间相互作用机制的研究,同时要提高现场快速检测设备的开发,进一步增强其在实际应用中的可行性和实用性.

Biological molecules are the key components and materials for specific recognition and detection of chemical pollutants; they are widely used in the detection research and are rapidly improved. This review summarizes a series of rapid novel detection technologies for Hg2＋ in environmental water samples via the identification and amplification mechanism of biological molecules, including protein, oligonucleotide, DNAzyme, etc. The quantitative detection of Hg2＋ with high sensitivity and even ultra-sensitivity in environmental water samples has been achieved by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, etc. It adequately met the requirement of the national standard of China or that of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in drinking water. The principle and application prospects have been explored, and the performance of the detection system has been improved by modification and reform of biological molecules. The rapid development of sensitive and on-site test technologies and sensors was greatly promoted by the combination with a novel detection platform and nanomaterials, including noble metal nanoparticles, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, etc. In further studies, researchers should reveal the mechanism of interaction between detecting elements and develop field rapid-detection equipment. The feasibility of practical application is also further heightened.