陆缘地壳强烈拆离薄化作用下的油气地质特征——以南海北部陆缘深水区白云凹陷为例

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

综合利用重力、磁力、三维地震、海底地震和深水油气探井、南海大洋钻探井等资料,开展了陆缘地壳伸展薄化与白云深水区凹陷结构、构造及油气地质之间关系的研究。研究表明,深水区裂陷期经历了早期上地壳脆性伸展高角度断裂控制的箕状半地堑断陷、中期地壳脆韧性差异伸展低角度拆离断裂控制的宽深断陷、晚期以韧性地壳流变为主的碟形断坳盆地演化过程;受穿过地壳的大型拆离断裂控制而发育的宽深断陷是深水区盆地结构的重要特征。陆缘地壳强烈拆离薄化形成的白云凹陷宽深断陷为大型三角洲—湖相沉积体系和规模烃源岩的发育提供了可容空间;陆缘岩石圈薄化程度的差异导致了裂后拗陷期热沉降差异,进而控制了拗陷期陆架坡折带的发育和深水储集层沉积环境;岩石圈强烈薄化、幔源上升导致的高热流背景,使得深水区的储集层成岩作用、烃源岩成烃过程和油气成藏条件具有特殊性。

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning, basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic, gravity, magnetic, ocean bottom seismic （OBS）, deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program （IODP）. During the early syn-rifting period, deep-water area was a half-grahen controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust. In the mid syn-rifting period, this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust. In the late syn-rifting period, this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation. A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin. The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks. The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period, and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment. The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis, hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.