认真对待“塔克-伍德命题”--论马克思正义概念的双重结构

Taking Tucker-Wood Thesis Seriously——On the Dual Structure of Marx's Concept of Justice

"塔克-伍德命题"是指20世纪60年代末70年代初由罗伯特·塔克和艾伦·伍德提出的一种关于理解马克思正义概念的观点及其论证。根据该命题,马克思并不认为资本主义不正义,反对以"不正义"为名谴责或批判资本主义。然而,该命题内部的复杂性、坚固性和启发性仍需认真对待。因为,关于这种立场背后的理由,塔克和伍德的看法存在明显差异。在面对反对者关于交换正义、分配正义以及正义标准适用性的批评时,"塔克-伍德命题"也进行了顽强的反击。同时,该命题所引发的长期争论启示我们,必须重新思考正义概念的社会功能和实践意义,重新思考正义概念结构中关于"正义观念"与"正义主张"的区分。"塔克-伍德命题"的真正症结,不在于它断言马克思拒斥正义概念,也不在于它把正义概念仅仅理解为描述性的,而是在于,它在马克思根据历史唯物论提出的正义观念同这种正义观念在资本主义条件下所具体展开的正义主张之间设定了一种未经反思的排他性关联。

Tucker-Wood Thesis is the view and relevant arguments about Marx＇s concept of justice provided in succession by Robert C. Tucker and Allen W. Wood in the late 1960s and early 1970s. According to the thesis, Marx did not regard capitalism as unjust, opposing any criticism that condemned capitalism in the name of ＂injustice＂ . Nevertheless, its complexity, solidness and inspirations still have to be taken seriously, as the reasons given by Tucker for the thesis were ap- parently different from that of Wood and criticism about transactional justice, distributive justice and criterion of justice was fought back by Tucker or Wood effectively. Meanwhile, the disputes aroused by the thesis inspired that we should reconsider the dual structure of the concept of justice and distinguish the claims of justice from the ＂opinions of justice＂ within the very concept. The crux of Tucker-Wood thesis was not that it asserted Marx＇s refusal of the concept of justice, nor that it regarded the concept simply as a descriptive one, but rather that it settled an unreflective and exclu- sive relationship between Marx＇s opinions of justice based on the materialist view of history and the concrete claims of justice in capitalist society.