从苏联文艺学言语体裁的深处——“狂欢化”理论的优胜纪略

From the Depth of Speech Genre of Soviet Literature and Art——On the Theory of “Carnivalization”

苏联文艺学具有一整套上层的"言语体裁"的话语(术语或者套话)。这套话语,非常权威,非常坚硬,在整个社会文化生活中成为压倒优势的话语。但是,在苏联这套官方言语体裁中,却诞生了让全世界文学理论家震惊的文艺学、诗学硕果。其中,巴赫金的理论,产生了强大的全球影响力。本文回顾1946年11月15日苏联科学院以高尔基命名的世界文学研究所围绕巴赫金的学位论文进行的那场答辩,探讨巴赫金为代表的苏联文学理论家的话语表述。它们在通行的话语中,深入到文学的最深处,从而获得了独特的"大脑-生理"功能,甚至具备了"深层呼吸"(underground breathing)的能力,发育了独特的"拇指"(extra thumbs),并且进化出具有超常功能的"象鼻吻"(proboscis/xобот),苏联文艺学家的努力让苏联文艺学表层和深层出现了一种独特的张力(tension)。

Soviet literature and art had an official discourse system （terms or cliches） of ＂speech genre＂, which was very authoritative and robust, and became the overwhelming discourse in the overall socio-cultural life. However, the official discourse system of speech genre gave birth to fruitful creations in literature, art, and poetics, which astonish literature theorists all over the world. Of the fruitful achievements, Mikhail Bakhtin＇ s theory exerts a great global impact. This paper reviews the defense session about Mikhail Bakhtin＇ s dissertation conducted by Gorky World Literature Institute on 15 November 1946, and studies what expressions Soviet literature theorists represented by Mikhail Bakhtin used, and how they reached the deepest part of literature with those terminologies and therefore acquired the unique ＂cerebral-physiological＂ function. They even cultivated the ability of ＂underground breathing＂, and fostered the ＂extra thumbs＂ and ＂proboscis＂ with extraordinary functions. The efforts of Soviet literature theorists created the unique tension between the surface and the deepest part of Soviet literature and art.