外来挑战、身份认同与印度教民族主义的产生

External Challenges,Identity,and the Genesis of Hindu Nationalism

印度教具有高度的灵活性,历史上它能够表现出一种对现实的适应性,积极地应对挑战,始终保持了其在南亚次大陆的意识形态霸权地位,所以,长期以来印度形成了一种基于宗教的等级身份认同。伊斯兰教的传播和英国殖民统治两大外来因素从根本上改变了这种情况,前者使得原先的印度教社会中逐渐形成一种与印度教全异的群体身份认同,后者分而治之的政策将这种以宗教为基础的身份认同发展为两种对立的政治认同。在此基础上,双方围绕宪政改革产生分歧,形成印度的两大宗教民族主义。

India developed a religion-based hierarchy system before the emergence of Islam and British rule in the subcontinent. The former, however, brought about a group-identitywhich is absolutely different from Hinduism, while the latter’s divide-and-rule policy transformed the religion-based identities into conflicting politicalidentities. The inter-community dispute over constitutional development after that has resulted into two religious nationalism in the sub-continent.