洱海保护理念与藏区圣湖观念比较

A Comparison of Concepts in the Protection of Erhai Lake in Dali and Holy Lakes in Tibet

藏区稍大一点的湖泊通常就被藏民尊为圣湖,但同样有着自然崇拜、民间信仰、佛教信仰等类似文化背景的洱海流域却没有形成圣湖观念。分异的根本原因在于当地的人类活动是否有必要利用水域。目前,圣湖观念正在经受当地经济社会发展的剧烈冲击,对湖泊生态环境的保护效度已显式微。人类活动量远超过生态环境承载限度的洱海流域所经历的"洱海保护模式"和正在开启的"抢救模式"在理论和实践上表明,公共治理才是湖泊生态文明的根本出路。但圣湖观念可以提醒我们修正保护者观念,挖掘生命共同体和有机整体等观念资源,超越自然崇拜观念,给人们提供与自然共情的合理依据。

Larger lakes in Tibetan areas are generally revered as holy lakes by Tibetans, but in the Erhai Lake basin, which has similar cultural backgrounds such as natural worship, folk beliefs and Buddhist beliefs, does not have the concept of Holy Lake. The root cause of differentiation is whether it is necessary for the local human activities to utilize the waters. At present, the concept of holy lake is experiencing the severe impact of the local economic and social development, and the protection of ecological environment has been remarkably diminished. The "Erhai Lake Conservation Model" and the "rescue mode" undergoing in the Erhai Lake basin, where human activities have far exceeded the carrying capacity of its ecological environment, have shown theoretically and practically that public governance is the fundamental solution to the ecological civilization of lakes. However, the concept of Holy Lake could remind us of adjusting the ideas of protectors, excavating the concepts of a living community and an organic whole, transcending the concept of nature worship and providing people with a reasonable basis for empathy with nature.