我国俱乐部与职业运动员法律关系的困境与出路——以从属性理论为视角

Legal Dilemma in the Relationship between the Professional Athletes and Clubs:From the View of the Depend Theory

长期以来对职业运动员劳动者身份的争议,实际是俱乐部留人体制与我国《劳动法》存在冲突,并缺乏相应的利益补偿机制所致。在"资强劳弱"的思维模式下,我国判断劳动关系采用的从属性理论仅包含"是否"一重,只存在不保护和全保护2种选择,并不考虑劳资双方实际力量的对比。然而,从属性并不是僵化的判断标准,而是一直在随着社会变化而发展。既要实现扩大劳动保护范围又要避免不公平,就必须对劳资双方实际力量的变化给予回应,德国法上"类雇员"只享受有限劳动法保护等制度安排正是基于劳资利益均衡的考虑。优秀职业运动员的不可替代性降低了其人格依附的必要性,可能出现只存在经济从属性而无人格从属性等情况。当一个俱乐部想从其他俱乐部获得优秀职业运动员时,实际就是想获得这种不可替代性,并占有其他俱乐部的前期投入。我国劳动法对职业竞技体育中劳资双方的力量变化和诉求缺乏回应,导致利益安排失衡,劳资谈判体系的孱弱、资本的介入和强势的行政机构则进一步加剧了冲突。应当将《劳动法》与《体育法》相结合,构建包含"是否"和"强弱"相结合的从属性理论双重判定模式,以保证体育市场的公正性,实现人才的有序流动和劳资共赢。

For a long time,the dispute about the identity of professional athletes and laborers is actually resulted in the conflict between the club retention sys-tem and the labor law of our country,and lacking of the corresponding of interest compensation mechanism. With the thinking mode of ＂strong capital andweak labor＂,the attribute theory that China＇s judgment of labor relations merely contains a single judgment＂whether＂. Only two kinds of choices,no protec-tion and full protection exist,without considering the comparison of actual strength of labor and management. However,the attribute is not a rigid criterion,but always develops with the change of society. To achieve both to expand the scope of labor protection and avoid unfair,it must respond to changes in bothsides of actual strength of labor and management. Germany law ＂assembly staff＂ only enjoy the limited protection of the labor law and other institutional ar-rangements,which are considered on the basis of balance of interests and labor. The irreplaceable nature of excellent professional athletes reduces their needfor the personality attachment,which may only exists in economic subordination while without personality subordination,etc. When a club wants to win excel-lent professional athletes from other clubs,it is actually trying to gain this kind of non-substitutability and to occupy the initial investment of other clubs. Thelack of response in China＇s labor law of changes in labor and management power and their demands in occupational competitive sports led to the imbalance ofinterests arrangement and the weak negotiation system from the attribute theory of between labor. The intervene of capital and strong administrative institutionsfurther exacerbated the conflict. We should combine the labor law and the sports law,build the double decision mode combineing ＂whether＂ and ＂weak＂,toensure the fairness of the sports market and to achieve the orderly flow of talent and win-win between labor and management.