速度攀岩运动员出发动作的生物力学分析

Biomechanical Analysis of the Start Movement of Speed Rock-Climbing Athletes

目的:探讨速度攀岩运动员出发动作技术的生物力学特征,揭示运动员完成合理动作的规律,对技术特点进行总结分析,为运动员进行科学化训练提供参考。方法:本研究从北京体育大学攀岩运动员中选取9名作为试验对象,根据运动等级分为优秀组和普通组。运用Qualisys动作捕捉分析系统和Kistler三维测力台对速度攀岩运动员的出发动作进行测试,测试指标为蹬伸时间、加速度、身体重心速度、冲量、峰值力等。结果:优秀组和普通组在垂直方向加速度分别为11.29 m/s2和5.17 m/s2,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。普通组运动员蹬伸阶段的时间平均为0.17 s,而优秀组运动员蹬伸平均时间为0.12 s,且优秀组峰值力1 035.41 N明显大于普通组的551.40 N,两者均具有显著性差异(P<0.05);在蹬伸冲量方面,优秀组和普通组分别为1.16 BW/s和0.84 BW/s,有显著性差异(P<0.05);两组运动员身体重心速度没有显著性差异。结论:优秀组在预备阶段膝关节角度较大、缓冲冲量小,表明优秀组运动员在预备阶段身体重心下降相对较小,能够缩短蹬伸时间;优秀组运动员在蹬伸阶段,力的梯度大,冲量大,表明爆发力强;蹬离地面时重心加速度变化表明优秀组运动员能够充分利用岩壁的支撑腿和手臂进行加速。

Objective：This study aims to detect the biomechanical characteristics of starting action techniques of speed rock-climbing athletes. To reveal therules of the athlete completing the reasonable action,and to summarize and analyze their technical characteristics,and then,providing references for athletes tocarry out scientific training. Methods：9 rock-climbing athletes from Beijing Sports University were assigned into the elite group and the control group. The start-ing action was measured by Qualisys motion capture analysis system and Kistler three-dimensional force platform. The indices were measured include pushingtime,acceleration,the speed of center of gravity（COG）,impulse and peak force,etc. Independent test was performed to compare the differences betweengroups. Results：There was significant difference in the vertical acceleration between the elite group and the control group（11.29 m/s2 vs. 5.17 m/s2,P〈0.05）.The average time of pushing phase in the control group was 0.17 s,however,it＇s just 0.12 s in the elite group. The peak force in the elite group was significanthigher than that in the control group（1 035.41 N vs. 551.40 N,P〈0.05）. Significant difference was observed in the sum of stretching impulse between the excel-lent group and the ordinary group（1.16 BW＊G vs. 0.86 BW＊G,P〈0.05）. No significant difference was showed in the COG speed between the two groups. Conclu-sions：In the preparing phase,the knee angle was larger and the buffer impulse was smaller in the elite group compared with control group,indicating that thebody center of gravity of elite athletes decreased relatively small in the preparing phase,and the elite can shorten the pushing time;in the pushing phase,theloading rate of force was higher,the impulse was bigger in the elite group compared with control group,indicating that elite athletes have more power;the accelera-tion of the center of gravity when body accelerating from the ground indicated that elite athletes can make full use of the supporting legs and arms to accelerate.