重思内外:作为国际体系解读者的康有为

Rethinking Inside and Outside:Kang Youwei as An Interpreter of the International System of His Time

康有为以经过重新解释的今文经学来把握其所生活的时代的内外关系。甲午战争之后,康有为清晰地认识到维也纳体系正在衰变之中,"大国协调"弱化,"万国竞争"态势强化。康有为预测德国将击败英国,整合欧洲,但这一预测在一战中落空。面临战后出现的凡尔赛-华盛顿体系,康有为陷入惶惑状态之中。这说明康有为对于国际体系的观察,偏重自上而下的统治结构,忽略自下而上的反抗力量。考虑到康有为在解读时代内外关系上的盲点,就"回到康有为"的主张而言,有必要首先注重回到康有为所提出的问题,而非他所提供的答案。

Kang Youwei approached the domestic and foreign relations in his time by reinterpreting New Text Confucianism. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1898,Kang Youwei realized that,with the weakening of coordination among the great powers and the intensification of worldwide national rivalry,the Vienna System was bound to decay. Kang predicted that Germany would integrate Europe after defeating Britain,but this prediction was foiled by the World War I. In the face of the emerging Versailles-Washington System,Kang Youwei lapsed into perplexity. Kang's global observation indicates that he was focused on a top-down governing structure to the negligence of any bottom-up rebellious forces. It is therefore important to point out that any claim to"return to Kang Youwei"should mean to return to Kang Youwei's questions,not to his answers.