春秋“礼治”与“经国之文”的生成——以政论、谏辞、问对三体为核心

“Rule by Rites”and the Generation of“Writing for Administrating State”in the Spring and Autumn Period:Taking Three Styles of Political Comment,Expostulation,and Question & Reply as the Core

春秋时期仍尊礼尚文,诸侯国多重视礼治,古礼犹在。贵族社会以"太上有立功,其次有立德,其次有立言"为"三不朽",导致"政化贵文"、"事迹贵文"、"修身贵文"的倾向。礼治制度催生出政论、问对、讽谏三种"经世之文",从《左传》《国语》等典籍中所见的大量文本生成"事件"来看,它们的撰制与发布者都是有文有德之"君子",文体形式上通常采用"述典析理"的引证法,或博引三代旧制,或采《诗》撷《书》,或引述圣贤名言,并结合当下时势予以分析说明,以增强威权性和说服力,形成典雅渊懿的语体风格。这类"经世之文"既是在"礼治"语境下以言辞撰制和发布为核心的政治实践活动,同时也指代相应的文体。其动因是具体的政治事件,在撰作方式上具有因事而发、即兴即时的特点。这种"礼治文言"的文体生成过程,体现了先秦文体生成及分类由行为方式向文本方式变迁的一般规律。

In the Spring and Autumn period,vassal states mostly valued rule by rites,and the ancient etiquette still existed.The aristocracy took"making merits","establishing virtue",and"making speech"as"three kinds of eternity,"thus caused the tendency of advocating articles in politics,moralization,deeds,and self-cultivation.The system of rule by rites forced three kinds of"writings for administrating state",i.e.political comment,expostulation,as well as question and reply.Judging from a large amount of"events"which generated the texts recorded in classics such as Commentary of Zuo and Discourses of the States,the writers or promulgators of those texts are all persons of noble character and literary talent.Stylistically,the texts usually adopt the way of "quoting the classics and making a speech,"which broadly cited the ancient system of the three dynasties,The Book of History,The Book of Songs,or quotes of sages to enhance one’s authority and persuasion,and then gave analysis and suggestion combining with the present situation,thus formed an elegant and erudite style.This kind of texts refers to both political practice focusing on writing and promulgation of speeches,and corresponding literary style.Such texts derived from specific political events,and were impromptu and immediate in way of writing.This process reflected the general law of pre-Qin literary style changing from the way of act to the way of text in its generation and classification.