美国特许学校治理模式创新研究

The Innovation of the Governance Model of American Charter Schools

特许学校治理机制包括两种基本形式:一种是内部治理机制,即学校办学主体通过合理配置学校内部控制权力和建立专门机构的方式对校长行为进行直接监督,但是受到董事会成员目标冲突、履责意向不足、非对称信息和监督成本过高等各种因素的制约,内部治理机制无法完全实现对校长行为的有效约束。另一种是外部治理机制,即主要通过教育市场竞争来实现对校长行为的间接约束。在教育市场竞争条件下,特许学校生存发展的唯一选择是通过提供高质量的教育服务和吸引优秀师资等扩大生源,增加办学经费,否则学校将面临生存危机,校长也将被替换。同时,教育市场竞争形成的招生率、优秀师资率、捐赠经费率、办学利润等市场公开信息指标可以简化对校长经营的评价,从而缓解内部监督中的非对称信息问题。特许学校外部治理机制的形成与办学准入体制、学生入学体制、教师人事体制等教育制度环境改革突破密切相关。

The charter schools＇ governance mechanisms include two basic forms.One is internal governance mechanism,namely the school sponsor supervises the principal directly through the rational allocation of school internal control power and setting up specialized agencies.Internal governance mechanism includes the models of board of trustees and company group.These models have played a positive role in ensuring democratic participation and supervision in school major decisions and promoting the specialization of internal governance.But restricted by various factors such as the conflicts and lack of responsibility among the board of trustees,asymmetric information and high supervision cost,internal governance mechanism can＇t fully constrain the principal＇s action.Another is external governance mechanism,that is,mainly through the education competition to achieve indirect constraint of the principal＇s action.Under education competition,the only option of the principal is to attract outstanding faculty and improve education quality so as to recruit more students and get more revenues,otherwise the school will face the survival crisis,and the principal will be replaced.Meanwhile,Education competition can also form public market indexes such as enrollment rate,excellent teacher ratio,income and cost by which the board of directors can easily evaluate the principal＇s performance,thus reducing asymmetric information.The formation of the external governance mechanism is closely related to the successful reform of the traditional education market entry system and the policies of student admission and teacher personnel system.